Scribd
Upload
7 views21 pages

Fundamentals-of-Surveying_7

The document discusses traverse computation in surveying, detailing its purpose, types (closed and open traverses), and methods for balancing angles. It explains the importance of closed traverses for accuracy and outlines the steps for calculating preliminary azimuths, bearings, and checking traverse closure through departure and latitude. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for careful observation in open traverses to avoid errors.

Uploaded by

John Jerom Favila
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views21 pages

Fundamentals-of-Surveying_7

The document discusses traverse computation in surveying, detailing its purpose, types (closed and open traverses), and methods for balancing angles. It explains the importance of closed traverses for accuracy and outlines the steps for calculating preliminary azimuths, bearings, and checking traverse closure through departure and latitude. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for careful observation in open traverses to avoid errors.

Uploaded by

John Jerom Favila
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Fundamentals of

Surveying

Engr. Raymart Gilledo


Traverse Computation
A traverse is a series of consecutive lines whose ends have been marked in the
field whose lengths and direction have been determine from observations.

Traverses are used to find accurate positions of a marked stations. Thus, traverses
usually serve as control surveys. When drawing construction plans, the stations can be used as
beginning points from which to lay out work.

Traverse surveys are made for many purposes to include:


• To determine the positions of exiting boundary markers.
• To establish the positions of boundary lines.
• To determine the area encompassed within a boundary.
• To determine the positions of arbitrary points from which data may be obtained for
preparing various types of maps.
• To establish ground control for photographic mapping.
• To establish control for gathering data regarding earthwork quantities in railroad highway,
utility and other construction work.
• To establish control for locating railroads, highways and other construction work.
Traverse Computation
Two Kinds of Traverses:
1. Closed Traverse

a) Closed Traverse – the lines return to the starting point, forming a closed
figure that is both geometrically and mathematically closed. Closed
traverses provide checks on the observed angles and distances, which is
extremely important consideration.

b) Link Traverse – the lines on a link traverse finish upon another station
that should have a positional accuracy equal to or greater than that of
the starting point. The link type (geometrically open and mathematically

direction, line 𝐸 − 𝐴𝑧𝑀𝑘2.


closed), as illustrated in the Figure 6.2, it must have a closing reference

2. Open Traverse
An open traverse (geometrically and mathematically open) shown
in the Figure 6.3 are consists of a series of lines that are connected but do
not return to the starting point or close upon a point of equal or greater
order accuracy.
Open traverses should be avoided because they offer no means of checking
for observational error and mistakes. If they must be used, observations
should be repeated carefully to guard against mistakes.
Traverse Computation
A. Balancing Angles
Angles of a closed traverse can be adjusted to the correct geometric total by
applying one of the two following methods:
1. Applying an average correction to each angle where observing conditions
were approximately the same at all stations. The correction for each
angle is found by dividing the total angular misclosure by the number of
angles.
2. Making larger corrections to angles where poor observing conditions
were present.
Sum of Interior Angles of a Closed Polygon
• Σ = (𝑛 − 2) 180°
Sum of Exterior Angles of a Closed Polygon
• Σ = (𝑛 + 2) 180°
where, 𝑛 is the number of sides or angles in the polygon
Traverse Computation
A. Balancing Angles
Traverse Computation
A. Balancing Angles
Traverse Computation
A. Balancing Angles
Traverse Computation
A. Balancing Angles
Traverse Computation
A. Balancing Angles
Traverse Computation
B. Computation of Preliminary Azimuths and Bearings
After balancing angles, calculate either preliminary azimuths or preliminary bearings.
Based on the Figure 6.4, fixed azimuth of 234°17’18” for line AW, a measured angle to
the right of 151°52’24” for WAE, and the angle adjustment by method 1, Table 6.1.

𝐴𝑧AB= 234°17’18” + 151°52’24” + 100°45’35” − 360° = 126°55’17”


Compute the azimuth of course AB
Traverse Computation
B. Computation of Preliminary Azimuths and Bearings
After balancing angles, calculate either preliminary azimuths or preliminary bearings.
Based on the Figure 6.4, fixed azimuth of 234°17’18” for line AW, a measured angle to
the right of 151°52’24” for WAE, and the angle adjustment by method 1, Table 6.1.

𝐴𝑧AB= 234°17’18” + 151°52’24” + 100°45’35” − 360° = 126°55’17”


Compute the azimuth of course AB
Traverse Computation
C. Departure and Latitudes
After balancing the angles and calculating preliminary azimuths or bearings, traverse
closure is checked by computing the departure and latitude of each line. Departure
are sometimes called easting or westing, while latitude is called northing or southing.
Traverse Computation
C. Departure and Latitudes
Traverse Computation
C. Departure and Latitudes
Traverse Computation
C. Departure and Latitudes
Traverse Computation
C. Departure and Latitudes
Traverse Computation
D. Adjusted Departure and Latitudes
Traverse Computation
D. Adjusted Departure and Latitudes
Traverse Computation
D. Adjusted Departure and Latitudes
Traverse Computation
E. Adjusted Traverse Lengths and Directions
Traverse Computation
E. Adjusted Traverse Lengths and Directions

You might also like