MAR ELIAS

COLLEGE,KOTTAPPADY
(Affiliated to MG University, Approved by Govt.of Kerala)

BCA
ANDROID

Mobile Application Development

 MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO ANDROID
What is
Android??

• Android is a Linux based operating system it is designed primarily for

touch screens mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.

• An open source technology that allows software to be freely modified and

distributed by device manufacturers, wireless carriers and developers.

• Android was unveiled during 2007 along with the founding of

“Open Handset Alliance”.
• Android is a stack of software for mobile devices such as Operating
system, Middleware and Key applications.

OPERATING SYSTEMS

MIDDLEWARE

KEY APPLICATION
 OPEN HANDSET ALLIANCE

• An organization founded in 2007 by Google, T-Mobile, Qualcomm,

Motorola and others that sponsors and promotes the Android open
mobile phone platform.

• Based on Linux, Android was developed to compete with all cellphone

platforms including Windows Mobile and Apple's iPhone by offering an
open platform that encourages third-party application development.

• OHA members are primarily mobile operators, handset

manufacturers,
software development firms, semiconductor companies and
commercialization companies. Members share commitment to
a
expanding the commercial viability of open platform development.
ANDROID
ECHOSYSTEM
Stake holders of Android Echosystem-Consumers that
own Android devices

• Google-develops Android
• OEMs(Original Equipment Manufacturers)-manufacture
hardware as well as custom application components
• Application Development Companies-employ Android
developers and also contract out the product development
to services companies.
• Freelance Android developers-Developers create their own
applications and publish them on Google playstore.
Why ANDROID??

• Browser
• Desktop
• Connectivity
• Multi-Notification
• Endless Personalization
• Market
• Google Integration
• Open Source
• Open to Carrier
• Future
WHAT IS AN
APK?
APK(ANDROID PACKAGE KIT or ANDROID
APPLICATION PACKAGE)-file format used by Android
for the distribution and installation of mobile apps,
mobile games etc.

This package contains all the elements an app needs to

install correctly on your device.
 What is an
SDK?
The Android SDK (software development kit) is a set of
development tools used to develop applications for the
Android platform .

The Android SDK includes the following:

• Required libraries.
• Debugger.
• An emulator.
• Relevant documentation for the Android application
program interfaces (APIs).
• Sample source code.
• Tutorials for the Android OS.
Android
Versions
Other versions
❖ Android 5.0 and 5.1 Lollipop
❖ Android version 6.0: Marshmallow
❖ Android versions 7.0 and 7.1: Nougat
❖ Android version 8.0 and 8.1: Oreo
❖ Android version 9: Pie
❖ Android version 10
❖ Android version 11
 Android
Activity
• 2001-search service for wireless device
• 2005-Acquire Android
(Acquire Skia(2d graphics for mobile device)
Acquire RegWireless(Browser and email for mobile device)
Move engineers from PlamSource))

• 2007(nov 5)-Android announced

• 2007(nov 12)-Android SDK is released by OHA.
• 2007(Dec 14)-Bug fix SDK released
• 2008(Jan 3)-Android Developer Challenge I starts accepting
submissions
• 2008(feb 13)-m5-rc15 SDK released
• 2008(April 14)-1788 total submissions for challenge
• 2008(may)-top 50 applications announced in challenge I
• 2008(Nov)-Android phone(G1 phone by HTC/T mobile)
• 2008(nov)-full source open
• 2009(april)-HTC Magic
• 2009(july)-HTC Hero,Samsung i7500,Android Notebook
• 2009(Aug)-Android Developer Challenge
 FEATURES
❑
❑
OPEN SOURCE
STORAGE-SQLLite
OF
❑
ANDROID
MEDIA SUPPORT(webM,H.263,H.264,AAC(IN 3GP OR MP4
CONTAINER),WAV,JPEG,GIF,BMP,FLAC etc
❑ STREAMING MEDIA SUPPORT-RTP/RTSP streaming,HTML progressive
download(HTML 5 video tag),Adobe flash streaming(RTMP),HTTP
dynamic streaming supported by flash plugin
❑ MULTITOUCH
❑ WEB BROWSER- based on open source WebKit layout engine,attached
with Chrome V8 Javascript engine.
❑ VIDEO CALLING- Skype 2.1 offers video calling in android 2.3,including
front camera support. Google talk video calling available from Android
2.3.4.
❑ MULTITASKING
❑ ACCESSIBILITY- text to speech option built in
❑ VOICE BASED FEATURES- voice activities for calling, texting, navigation
supported from android 2.2.
❑ EXTERNAL STORAGE- most Android devices include microSd slots. USB
‘A’ receptacle also enabled for allowing the use of high storage capacity
storage media like USBHDDs and USB Flash Drives
 ANDROID
ARCHITECTURE
Mostly Android has 4 layers:

1.Applications
2.Application Framework
3.Libraries
4.Android Runtime
5.Linux Kernel
1.APPLICATIONS
❖ All applications in this layer are written using Java.
❖ The applications that an android device provide includes
• Email client
• SMS programs
• Maps
• Browser
• Calender
• Contacts
• Games etc
2.APPLICATION
FRAMEWORKS
The Application Framework layer provides many higher-level services to
applications in the form of Java classes. Application developers are allowed to
make use of these services in their applications.

The Android framework includes the following key services −

1.Activity Manager − Controls all aspects of the application lifecycle and provides
a common backstack for navigation.
2.Window manager- organizes the screen layout and locates the drawing surface
and performs other window related jobs
3.View Manager − An extensible set of views used to create application user
interfaces.
4.Content Providers − Allows applications to publish and share data with other
applications.
5.Notifications Manager − Allows applications to display alerts and notifications
to the user.
6.Package Manager- manages the other packages in the system
7.Telephony Manager- to handle the receiver call or voice calls
8.Resource Manager − Provides access to non-code embedded
resources such as strings, color settings and user interface
layouts.
9.Location Manager-helps to locate the mobile
device.example-GPS,Ex-map
10.XMPP Service Manager-Services like music,ringtone,browser
etc managed here.
 3.Linux kernel
• The entire Android OS is built on the top of Linux 2.6 with
architectural changes made by Google.
• Offers better security and networking
• Android run time gives .dex file which goes to the linux kernel and
calls the suitable drivers so that it can communicate with the drivers.
• Following are the drivers:
• Display drivers
• Camera Drivers
• Bluetooth driver
• Flash memory driver
• Usb Driver
• Power management driver
• Keypad driver
• Wifi driver etc
4.Librarie
s• Written in C and C++ libraries
• This layer is communicated through Java Native Interface package.
• 9 major components
❑ Media library provides support to play and record an audio and video
formats.
❑ Surface manager responsible for managing access to the display
subsystem.
❑ SGL and OpenGL both cross-language, cross-platform application program
interface (API) are used for 2D and 3D computer graphics.
❑ SQLite provides database support
❑ FreeType provides font support.
❑ Web-Kit This open source web browser engine provides all the functionality
to display web content and to simplify page loading.
❑ SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is security technology to establish an encrypted
link between a web server and a web browser.
 5.ANDROID RUN
•
TIME
Android Runtime environment is one of the most important part of Android. It
contains components like core libraries and the Dalvik virtual machine(DVM).
• Mainly, it provides the base for the application framework and powers
our application with the help of the core libraries.

5.1 CORE LIBRARIES

Different from java SE libraries, provides functionalities like

• data structure
• file access
• network access
• Utilities
• graphics etc
5.2 Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM)

Developed by Dan Bornstein of Google.

• Like Java Virtual Machine (JVM), Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) is a

register-based virtual machine and specially designed and optimized for
android to ensure that a device can run multiple instances efficiently.

• Runs .dex files. These files are built from .class files at compile time and
provide higher efficiency in low resource environments.

• It depends on the layer Linux kernel for threading and low-

level memory management.
CONFIGURATION OF
ANDROID
ENVIRONMENT
OPERATING
SYSTEM

To develop an android program, the necessary supporting

operating systems used in a computer can be as follows:

a.Windows XP(32 bit),Vista(32 or 64 bit) or Windows 7(32 bit

or 64 bit) or later.
2GB RAM minimum,4GB ram recommended

b.Mac OS X(Intel) 10.8.5 or higher(x86 only)

2GB RAM minimum,4GB ram recommended

c.Linux(i386)-GNU C Library 2.7 or later required

On Ubuntu,version 8.4 or later required
2GB RAM minimum,4GB ram recommended
Java Development Kit(JDK)

As android programs are developed in Java programming language we have

to install JDK which is a free software and which includes Java RunTime
Environment(JRE)

JDK
The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software development environment
that offers a collection of tools and libraries necessary for developing Java
applications. You need the JDK to convert your source code into a format
that the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) can execute.
• The JDK includes the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), an interpreter
(java), a compiler (javac), an archiver (jar), a documentation generator
(javadoc), and some other development tools.
• The Java Runtime Environment itself consists of the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM), supporting files, and core classes.
Android
SDK
• Android SDK is a software development kit developed by Google for
the Android platform.

• The Android SDK (Software Development Kit) is a set of development

tools that are used to develop applications for the Android platform.

• Whether you create an application using Java, Kotlin or C#, you need the
SDK to get it to run on any Android device. You can also use an emulator
in order to test the applications that you have built.

• Nowadays, the Android SDK also comes bundled with Android Studio,
the integrated development environment where the work gets done and
many of the tools are now best accessed or managed.
 Android SDK

Debugg Docume Sample

Emulator Libraries Tutorials
er ntation code

Can be downloaded from http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html

using android manager which is free.
 • SDK is made up of two parts-
• tools
• packages
• When you first install you get the basic tools(executables and supporting
files) to develop apps
• Packages are records specific to a particular version of Android(platform) or
a particular add-on to a platform.

SDK FEATURES
❖ No licensing,development fees,distribution
❖ Wifi hardware access
❖ Comprehensive API s design for location based services such as GPS
❖ Open source webkit based browser
❖ Media libraries
❖ IPC message passing
❖ Shared data stores
Android IDEs
There are so many sophisticated Technologies are available to
develop android applications, the familiar technologies, which are
predominantly using tools as follows
• Android Studio
• IntelliJ
• Eclipse IDE

versions- Eclipse Galileo(3.5 or

higher) Eclipse Helios(3.6.2 or
higher) Eclipse Indigo
ANDROID DEVELOPMENT
TOOLS
• Android Development Tools (ADT) is a plugin for the Eclipse IDE that
is designed to give you a powerful, integrated environment in which
to build Android applications.
• ADT extends the capabilities of Eclipse to let you quickly set up new
Android projects, create an application UI, add packages based on
the Android Framework API, debug your applications using the
Android SDK tools, and even export signed (or unsigned) .apk files in
order to distribute your application.
• ADT provides custom XML editors and debug output pane
• ADT BUNDLE provides
❖ Eclipse+ ADT plugin
❖ Android SDK Tools
❖ Android Platform tools
❖ The most recent Android platform
❖ Newest Android system image for the emulator
EMULATOR
• The Android Emulator simulates Android devices on your computer
so that you can test your application on a variety of devices and
Android API levels without needing to have each physical device.

• The emulator provides almost all of the capabilities of a real Android

device. You can simulate incoming phone calls and text messages,
specify the location of the device, simulate different network speeds,
simulate rotation and other hardware sensors, access the Google
Play Store, and much more.

• Testing your app on the emulator is in some ways faster and easier
than doing so on a physical device. For example, you can transfer
data faster to the emulator than to a device connected over USB.

• The emulator comes with predefined configurations for various

Android phone, tablet, Wear OS, and Android TV devices.
Emulator supports many hardware features found on mobile devices like

• An ARMV5 CPU and corresponding MMU

• A 16bit LCD display
• One or more keyboards(A querty based keyboard and associated
dialpad)
• A GSM modem including a simulated SIM card
• A camera using a webcam connected to our computer
• Sensors like accelerometer
 Android Virtual Device
• An Android Virtual Device (AVD) is an emulator configuration that allows
developers to test the application by simulating the real device capabilities.
• We can configure the AVD by specifying the hardware and software
options. AVD manager enables an easy way of creating and managing the
AVD with its graphical interface.
• An AVD consists of
❖ A hardware profile -defines hardware features of the virtual device
❖ A mapping to a system image -you can define what version of Android
platform will run on the virtual machine.
❖ You can specify the emulator skin you want to use with the AVD, which
lets you control the screen dimensions,look and so on.You can also
specify the emulated SD card to store with the AVD.
❖ A dedicated storage area on your development machine -includes the
device user data(installed applications,settings)and emulated sdcard
stored here.
 Dalvik Virtual Machine | DVM
• modern JVM is high performance and provides excellent memory management. But
it needs to be optimized for low-powered handheld devices as well.
• The Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) is an android virtual machine optimized for
mobile devices. It optimizes the virtual machine for memory, battery
life and performance.
• Dalvik is a name of a town in Iceland. The Dalvik VM was written by Dan
Bornstein.
• The Dex compiler converts the class files into the .dex file that run on the Dalvik VM.
Multiple class files are converted into one dex file.
• Dalvik uses Dalvic byte code which is different from Java byte code.
Java class files cannot directly run on Android, they need to be
converted into Dalvic byte code format by the Dex compiler.
• Header-Dex files start with a simple header with some checksums and
offsets to other structures.
• String table-stores the length and offsets for every string in the dex
file
• Class List-A list of classes contained in the dex file
• Field table -A table of fields of all classes defined in the dex file
• Method Table-A table of methods of all classes defined in the dex file
• Class Defenition table-A table of class defenitions for all classes either
defined in this dex file or has a method or field accessed by code in this
dex file.
• Field list -stores data for preinitialized fields in a class.
• Method list- A list of methods for a particular class
• Code header- contains information about code that implements a
method.
• Local variable list- A list of local variables for a particular method
 DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine) JVM (Java Virtual Machine)
It is Register based which is It is Stack based.
designed to run on low memory.
DVM uses its own byte code and JVM uses java byte code and
runs “.Dex” file. From Android 2.2 runs “.class” file having JIT (Just
SDK Dalvik has got a Just in Time In Time).
compiler
Single instance of JVM is shared
DVM has been designed so that a with multiple applications.
device can run multiple instances of
the VM efficiently. Applications are
given their own instance.
JVM supports multiple
DVM supports Android operating operating systems.
system only. Runs on more memory
Runs on less memory
It has constant pool for
There is constant pool for every class.
every application. Here the executable is
Here the executable is APK. JAR.
INSTALLATION
OF ANDROID
STUDIO
 ANDROID
STUDIO
• The official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for developing
Android Apps is Android Studio, which Google supports. Java was replaced
by Kotlin on May 7, 2019, as a preferred language for developing Android
Apps. But still, Java is being used for developing Android Apps.

• Android Studio has the following features.

❖ Gradle-based build support.(advance build toolkit to automate and
manage the build process)
❖ Fast and feature rich emulator
❖ C++ and NDK support(NDK is a toolset that lets you implement,
compile and debug your app in native code. For certain types of apps,
this can help you reuse code libraries written in C and C++. )
❖ Built-in support for Google Cloud Platform enabling integration with
Firebase Cloud Messaging (Earlier 'Google Cloud Messaging') and
Google App Engine.

❖ Lint tools(Linting is the automated checking of your source code for

programmatic and stylistic errors) to catch performance, usefulness,
version compatibility, and other problems

❖ Unified environment where you can develop for all android devices

❖ Plug-in architecture for extending android studio via plugins.

System Requirements
Before downloading and installing Android Studio, the following requirements
are essential.

Operating System Version - Microsoft Windows 7/8/10 (32-bit or 64-bit).

Random Access Memory (RAM) - Minimum 4 GB RAM and 8 GB RAM
recommended.
Free Disk Space - Minimum 2 GB and 4 GB recommended.
Minimum Required JDK Version - Java Development Kit (JDK) 8.
Minimum Screen Resolution - 1280 * 800.resolution
Download and Install Android Studio

Step 1

To download the Android Studio, visit the official Android Studio website in
your web browser.

Step 2

Click on the "Download Android Studio" option.

Step 3

Double click on the downloaded "Android Studio-ide.exe" file.

Step 4

"Android Studio Setup" will appear on the screen and click "Next" to proceed.
Step 5

Select the components that you want to install and click on the "Next" button.
Step
6
Now, browse the location where you want to install the Android Studio and
click "Next" to proceed.
Step
7
Choose a start menu folder for the "Android Studio" shortcut and click the
"Install" button to proceed.
Step 8

After the successful completion of the installation, click on the "Next"

button.
Step 9

Click on the "Finish" button to proceed.

Now, your Android studio welcome screen will
appear on the screen.
Step
10
"Android Studio Setup Wizard" will appear on the screen with the welcome
wizard. Click on the "Next" button.
Step
11
Select (check) the "Standard" option if you are a beginner and do not
have any idea about Android Studio. It will install the most common
settings and options for you. Click "Next" to proceed.
Step
12
Now, select the user interface theme as you want. (Dark theme
(Dracula) is most liked by the coders). Then, click on the "Next"
button.
Step 13

Now, click on the "Finish" button to download all the SDK

components.
And, the downloading and installation process of components gets
started.
Step 14

After downloading all the necessary components, click on the "Finish"

button.
STRUCTURE OF AN ANDROID
APPLICATION
1. AndroidManifest.xml:

• Every project in Android includes a manifest file, which

is AndroidManifest.xml, stored in the root directory of its project
hierarchy.

• An interface btw android os and your application.

• The manifest file is an important part of our app because it defines the
structure and metadata of our application, its components, and its
requirements.

• This file includes nodes for each of the Activities, Services, Content
Providers and Broadcast Receiver that make the application and using
Intent Filters and Permissions, determines how they co-ordinate with each
other and other applications.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.geeksforgeeks.geeksforgeeks">
<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"
android:supportsRtl="true"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
<activity android:name=".MainActivity">
<intent-filter>
<action
android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category
android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNC
HER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>
</manifest>
• <application>…..</application> tags enclose components related to the
application.

•Android::icon -refers to the application icon under res/drawable-hdpi

ie application uses image ic_launcher located in the drawable folders

• <activity> tag is used to specify an activity and android::name specifies the fully
qualified classname of the activity subclass.

• Android:label -specifies the string to use as label for the activity.

• The action for intent filter is android.intent.action.MAIN to indicate that this

activity serves as the entry point for the application.

• Category for the intent filter is named as android.intent.category.LAUNCHER

–indicates that app can be launched from device’s launcher icon.
2.Java: The Java folder contains the .Java source code files. These files
are used as a controller for controlled UI (Layout file). It gets the data
from the Layout file and after processing that data ,output will be
shown in the UI layout.

By default, includes a MainActivity.java source file having an activity

class that runs when your app is launched using app icon.(this file is
converted to dalvic executable code and runs application)

3.drawable: A Drawable folder contains resource type file (something that

can be drawn). Drawables may take a variety of files like Bitmap (PNG,
JPEG), Nine Patch, Vector (XML), Shape, Layers, States, Levels, and Scale.

Res/drawable-hdpi-Directory for drawable objects for high density

screens.
4.layout: A layout defines the visual structure for a user
interface, such as the UI for an Android application. This folder stores
Layout files that are written in XML language. You can add additional
layout objects or widgets as child elements to gradually build a View
hierarchy that defines your layout file.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="
http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >
<TextView android:id="@+id/text"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Hello, I am a TextView" />
<Button android:id="@+id/button"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Hello, I am a Button" />
</LinearLayout>
5.mipmap: Mipmap folder contains the Image Asset file that can
be used in Android Studio application. You can generate the following
icon types like Launcher icons, Action bar and tab icons, and
Notification icons.

6. colors.xml: colors.xml file contains color resources of the Android

application. Different color values are identified by a unique name that
can be used in the Android application program.

Below is a sample colors.xml file:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<resources>
<color name="colorPrimary">#3F51B5</color>
<color name="colorPrimaryDark">#303F9F</color>
<color name="colorAccent">#FF4081</color>
</resources>
7.strings.xml: The strings.xml file (located in res/values folder)contains string
resources of the Android application. The different string value is identified
by a unique name that can be used in the Android application program.
Names of buttons, labels,default text and similar type of strings go to this
file.

<resources>
<string name="app_name">Hello World</string>
<string name=“menu_settings">Settings</string>
</resources>

8.styles.xml: The styles.xml file contains resources of the theme style in the
Android application. This file is written in XML language

<resources>
<!-- Base application theme. -->
<style name="AppTheme"
parent="Theme.AppCompat.Light.DarkActionBar">
<!-- Customize your theme here. -->
<item
name="colorPrimary">@color/colorPrimary</i
tem>
<item
9.build.gradle(Module: app): This defines the module-specific build
configurations.This is an autogenerated file containing compile sdk
version,build tools version,min sdk version,target sdk version,version code and
version name. Here you can add dependencies what you need in your Android
application
apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
android {
compileSdkVersion 26
defaultConfig {
applicationId "com.example.geeksforgeeks.geeksforgeeks"
minSdkVersion 16
targetSdkVersion 26
versionCode 1
versionName "1.0"
testInstrumentationRunner
"android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
}
buildTypes {
release {
minifyEna
bled
false
proguard
Files
getDefa
ultProg
uardFil
e('prog
uard-
android
.txt'),
'progua
rd-
rules.pr
 LAYOUTS
How to use layouts, fragments ,place views to create functional UI.
FAMILIARISATION OF SCREEN
COMPONENTS

An activity displays the user interface of our application and contains

widgets like button, image button, textbox, label etc.

We define our UI using an Xml file named activity_main.xml located in

the res folder inside Layout folder.
 activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" tools:context=".MainActivity">
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Hello World!"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
</android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout>
 MainActivity.java:

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
{ super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); }

During runtime,we can load the xml UI in the onCreate() eventhandler in

Activity class using setContentView() method of the Activity class.
 FUNDAMENTAL USER INTERFACE
DESIGN

• Every component in a UI is a subclass of Android View class which is

present in the package android.view.
• Android SDK provides a set of pre-built views to construct user interfaces
like Buttons,ImageButtons,TextView class etc

• 1.Views-base class for all visual interface elements (commonly known as

controls or widgets) and occupies a rectangular area on the screen and is
responsible for drawing and event handling. All UI controls including the
layout classes are derived from view.
• 2.ViewGroups-extension of View class that can contain multiple child
views.
• 3.Activity-Android equivalent of forms(window or screen to be
displayed).To display a UI,you assign a view(layout) to a activity.
• 4.Fragments-to encapsulate portions of ui.(useful when optimizing ui
layouts for different screen sizes)
A Fragment is a piece of an activity which enable more modular
activity design. A fragment is a kind of sub-activity.
 Layouts in java

Border layout

Flow layout -default layout of applet and panel

Grid layout

Card layout
Box layout

Null layout
 Layout views in Android SDK
Android contains the following commonly used ViewGroupsubclasses:

1.LINEAR LAYOUT
• Android LinearLayout is a view group that aligns all children in
either vertically or horizontally.
• Simplest layout
 res/layout/activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >

<Button android:id="@+id/btnStartService“
android:layout_width="270dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="start_service"/>

<Button
android:id="@+id/btnPauseService“
android:layout_width="270dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="pause_service"/>

<Button android:id="@+id/btnStopService"
android:layout_width="270dp" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="stop_service"/>
</LinearLayout>
 Attributes and
Description
Android:id- uniquely identifies the view
android:orientation—Used for arranging the controls in the container in
horizontal or vertical order
android:layout_width—Used for defining the width of a control
android:layout_height—Used for defining the height of a control android:padding
—Used for increasing the whitespace between the boundaries of the control and
its actual content
android:layout_weight—Used for shrinking or expanding the size of the control
to consume the extra space relative to the other controls in the container
android:gravity—Used for aligning content within a control
android:layout_gravity—specifies how child views are positioned
Android:layout_x-specifies x coordinate of the layout
Android:layout_y-specifies y coordinate of the layout
Android:layout_width=wrap_content tell your view to size itself to the
dimensions required by its content.
Android:layout_width=fill_parent tells your view to become as big as its parent
view
2.ABSOLUTE
LAYOUT

An Absolute Layout lets you specify exact locations (x/y coordinates)

of its children. Absolute layouts are less flexible and harder to
maintain than other types of layouts without absolute positioning.
 ATTRIBUTES

1 android:id
This is the ID which uniquely identifies
the layout.
2 android:layout_x
This specifies the x-coordinate of the view.
3 android:layout_y
This specifies the y-coordinate of the view.
 res/layout/
activity_main.xml

<AbsoluteLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent">

<Button android:layout_width="100dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="OK"
android:layout_x="50px"
android:layout_y="361px" />

<Button android:layout_width="100dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Cancel"
android:layout_x="225px"
android:layout_y="361px" />
</AbsoluteLayout>
3.FRAME LAYOUT
Frame Layout is designed to allocate an area on the screen to display a single
item. Generally, FrameLayout should be used to hold a single child view, (ie a
single item once).We can have multiple elements, each element will be
positioned based on top left of screen.

You can, however, add multiple children to a FrameLayout and control their
position within the FrameLayout by assigning gravity to each child, using the
android:layout_gravity attribute.
<FrameLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent">

<ImageView android:src="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:scaleType="fitCenter"
android:layout_height="250px“
android:layout_width="250px"/>

<TextView android:text="Frame Demo"

android:textSize="30px"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:gravity="center"/>

</FrameLayout>
Sr.No Attribute & Description
1 android:id
This is the ID which uniquely identifies the layout.

2 android:foreground
This defines the drawable to draw over the content and
possible values may be a color value, in the form of
"#rgb", "#argb", "#rrggbb", or "#aarrggbb".

3 android:foregroundGravity
Defines the gravity to apply to the foreground drawable.
The gravity defaults to fill. Possible values are top, bottom,
left, right, center, center_vertical, center_horizontal etc.

4 android:measureAllChildren
Determines whether to measure all children or just
those in the VISIBLE or INVISIBLE state when measuring.
Defaults to false.
4.RELATIVE
LAYOUT
RelativeLayout is a view group that displays child views in relative positions.
The position of each view can be specified as relative to sibling elements (such
as to the left-of or below another view) or in positions relative to the
parent RelativeLayout area (such as aligned to the bottom, left or center).

A RelativeLayout is a very powerful utility for designing a user interface

because it can eliminate nested view groups and keep your layout hierarchy
flat, which improves performance.
1 android:id
This is the ID which uniquely
identifies the layout.
2 android:gravity
This specifies how an object should
position its content, on both the X and
Y axes. Possible values are top,
bottom, left, right, center,
center_vertical, center_horizontal etc.

3 android:ignoreGravity
This indicates what view should not
be affected by gravity.
By default, all child views are drawn at the top-left of the layout, so you must
define the position of each view using the various layout properties available
from RelativeLayout.LayoutParams and few of the important
attributes are given below

4 android:layout_alignParentBottom
If true, makes the bottom edge of this view match the
bottom edge of the parent. Must be a boolean value,
either "true" or "false".
5 android:layout_alignParentEnd
If true, makes the end edge of this view match the
end edge of the parent. Must be a boolean value,
either "true" or "false".
6 android:layout_alignParentLeft
If true, makes the left edge of this view match the left
edge of the parent. Must be a boolean value, either
"true" or "false".
7 android:layout_alignParentRight
If true, makes the right edge of this view match the
right edge of the parent. Must be a boolean value,
either "true" or "false".
9 android:layout_centerHorizontal
If true, centers this child horizontally within its parent. Must be a boolean value,
either "true" or "false".

10 android:layout_centerInParent
If true, centers this child horizontally and vertically within its parent. Must be a
boolean value, either "true" or "false".

11 android:layout_below
Positions the top edge of this view below the given anchor view ID

12 android:layout_centerVertical
If true, centers this child vertically within its parent. Must be a boolean value,
either "true" or "false".

13 android:layout_alignParentStart
If true, makes the start edge of this view match the start edge of the parent. Must
be a boolean value, either "true" or "false".
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:paddingLeft="16dp" android:paddingRight="16dp" >

<EditText android:id="@+id/name"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint=“Enter your name" />

<LinearLayout android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="fill_parent"

android:layout_height="fill_parent“
android:layout_alignParentStart="true“
android:layout_below="@+id/name">

<Button android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="New Button"
android:id="@+id/button" />

<Button android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:text="New Button“
android:id="@+id/button2" />
</LinearLayout>
</RelativeLayout>
TABLE
LAYOUT
Android TableLayout going to be arranged groups of views into rows
and columns. You will use the <TableRow> element to build a row in
the table. Each row has zero or more cells; each cell can hold one
View object.
 Attribut
1 es android:id
This is the ID which uniquely identifies
the layout.
2 android:collapseColumns(make columns
invisible)
This specifies the zero-based index of the
columns to collapse. The column indices
must be separated by a comma: 1, 2, 5.
3 android:shrinkColumns
The zero-based index of the columns to
shrink. The column indices must be
separated by a comma: 1, 2, 5.

4 android:stretchColumns
The zero-based index of the columns to
stretch. The column indices must be
separated by a comma: 1, 2, 5.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TableLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:stretchColumns="2">
<TableRow>
<TextView
android:text="OPEN"
android:padding="8dip" />
<TextView
android:text="CONTROL +0"
android:gravity="right"
android:padding="3dip" />
</TableRow>
<TableRow>
<TextView
android:text="SAVE"
android:padding="8dip" />
<TextView
android:text="CONTROL+SAVE"
android:gravity="right"
android:padding="3dip" />
</TableRow>
</TableLayout>>