일반물리 1

강의개요 : 물리학의 기초가 되는 역학의 기본개념과 해석방법을 배운다 . 운동법칙 , 일과 에너지 , 에너지 / 운동량
보존법칙 , 회전운동과 각운동량 , 강체의 평형 , 진동 , 파동 등을 다룬다 .

강의시간 : ( 화 / 목 15:30-16:45)
김준성 교수 ( 기초과학연구원 , 279-2098, [email protected])
연습시간 : ( 화 20:00-20:50)
문성욱 조교 ([email protected])
강의실 : 1 분반 강의 및 조교연습 ( 정보통신연구소 강의실 [122 호 ])
평가방법 : 퀴즈 25%, 중간시험 35%, 기말시험 40%
* F 기준 : ( 출석 ) 4 회 초과 결석 or ( 총점 ) 15% 미만

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 일반물리 1
https://plms.postech.ac.kr/

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 일반물리 I Honor 반 ( 학수번호 : PHYS101H)
담당교수 : 김범준
강의시간 : 화 , 목 12:30 - 13:45 (4 교시 )
강의실 : 공학 3 동 302 호
성적평가 : 중간고사 25%, 기말고사 25%, 수업 참여 50%

Honor 반 강의 목표 :
토론식 강의를 통해 일반 물리에서 다루는 개념들을 여러 가지 방식으로 입체적으로 이해하고 타인과 다른 시각을
소통하며 공유하는 능력 배양

대상 :
(1) 일반 물리 내용을 이미 학습하여 +a 를 원하는 학생 or
(2) 과학적 소통 및 협업 능력을 향상시키고 싶은 학생 or
(3) 대학원 진학 ( 전공 무관 ) 및 학계 진출에 관심 있는 학생

참고 :
관심있는 학생들은 직접 강의를 들어 보길 추천 .
수강을 원하면 2 월 26 일까지 일반물리 I Honor 로 수강 정정 .
 일반물리연습 I ( 학수번호 : PHYS110)
담당교수 : 신현준
강의시간 : 금 09:30-10:20 (1 분반 ); 15:30-16:20 (2 분반 ); 17:00-17:50 (3 분반 )
강의실 : 공학 3 동 109 호

강의 목표 :
물리학 기초가 부족한 상황에서도 기초필수과목인 일반물리 I 수강에 어려움이 없도록 , 일반물리
I 의 진도에 맞춰 기본개념 설명 , 문제 풀이 , 및 질의 / 응답 등의 보충학습을 통해 수강
능력을 제고한다 .

대상 :
고교물리 I 정도 또는 그 이하의 물리배경만을 갖고 있는 일반물리 I 수강생 .

수강필수사항 :
일반물리 I 동시 수강 필수 , 일반물리 I 담당교수의 추천 필요 .

성적평가 :
출석 및 학업참여도에 따라 Pass/No record 부여 .
 일반 물리 1

• 물리는 어려운 분야 ?

• 역학은 어려운 과목 ?

• 어떻게 하면 잘 할 수 있을까 ?

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 물리학 vs 다른 자연과학학문
• 학문의 경계가 대상으로 한정되지 않음
물리 : 입자에서 우주까지 , 원자에서 물질 , 생명현상과 사회현상까지
생명 : 염색체 , 단백질 , 세포 등 생명현상과 관련된 구성요소의 구조와 기능
화학 : 유기 또는 무기 분자와 화합물의 구조와 반응 및 기능

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 물리학 vs 다른 자연과학학문
• 생각하는 방식으로 정의
자연현상을 일으키는 구성요소와 행동양식에 대한 공통적인 (universal) 패턴 찾기
실험을 통해 관측한 결과를 이해하기 위한 추상적인 개념과 원리를 도입

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Universality

Universal Gravitation
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
 Some typical lengths in the universe

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Idealized models

A baseball in flight

무엇이 핵심이고
무엇이 detail 인가 ?

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Solving problems in physics
• All of the Problem-Solving Strategies and Examples in this
book will follow these four steps:

• Identify the relevant concepts, target variables, and known

quantities, as stated or implied in the problem.

• Set Up the problem: Choose the equations that you’ll use to

solve the problem, and draw a sketch of the situation.

• Execute the solution: This is where you “do the math.”

• Evaluate your answer: Compare your answer with your
estimates, and reconsider things if there’s a discrepancy.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 The nature of physics
• Physics is an experimental
science in which physicists
seek patterns that relate the
phenomena of nature.
• The patterns are called
physical theories.
• A very well established or
widely used theory is called a
physical law or principle.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 일반 물리 1
• 물리는 어려운 분야 ?
- 물리는 대상이 아니라
생각의 방식을 다루는 학문
• 역학은 어려운 과목 ?
- 실제 경험을 바탕으로 상상해보세요 .
• 어떻게 하면 잘 할 수 있을까 ?
- 스스로 질문하기가 가장 중요 .

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Ch 1: Units, Physical Quantities, and Vectors

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Goals for Chapter 1
Looking forward at …
• three fundamental quantities (time, length, mass) of physics
and the units physicists use to measure them.
• how to work with units and significant figures in your
calculations.
• how to add and subtract vectors graphically, and using vector
components.
• two ways to multiply vectors: the scalar (dot) product and the
vector (cross) product.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Standards and units
• Length, time, and mass are three fundamental quantities of
physics.
• The International System units (SI units)
- Système International d’Unités (SI)

• In SI units, length is measured in meters, time in seconds, and

mass in kilograms.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Unit consistency and conversions
• An equation must be dimensionally consistent. Terms to be
added or equated must always have the same units. (Be sure
you’re adding “apples to apples.”)
• Always carry units through calculations.
• Convert to standard units as necessary, by forming a ratio of
the same physical quantity in two different units, and using it
as a multiplier.
• For example, to find the number of seconds in 3 min, we
write:

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Using Significant Figures

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Estimates and Orders of Magnitude
• Order-of-magnitude estimate: Accurate within a factor of 10.
• Round off all numbers to one significant figure and its power of 10.
• After calculation, keep only one significant figure.

•Sometimes “order-of-magnitude” just refers to the power of 10

Estimates and Orders of Magnitude

• Can you escape the border with a billion dollars’ worth

of gold in your suit case?

- Gold may cost 10 dollars per gram.

- Then, 109 dollars mean 108 gram=100,000 Kg.
- Can you bring it?

- The density of gold is about 10 gram/cc.

- Then the volume of 100,000 Kg of gold becomes 10 m3.
- Can it fit to your suit case?
Uncertainty and significant figures
• The uncertainty (error) of a measured quantity is indicated by its
number of significant figures.
• Accuracy : 56.470.02 mm, or 56.47(02)
• Precision : 14:22:45, (2 pm; an accurate clock)
• For multiplication and division, the
answer can have no more significant
figures than the smallest number of
significant figures in the factors.
• ( 3.1416×2.34×0.58 = 4.3 )
• For addition and subtraction, the number
of significant figures is determined by the
term having the fewest digits to the right
of the decimal point.
• ( 123.62+8.9 = 132.5 )
• As this train mishap illustrates, even a
small percent error can have spectacular
results! 4200.1 km
 Vectors and scalars
• A scalar quantity can be described by a single number.
• A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction in
space.
• In this book, a vector quantity is represented in boldface italic
type with an arrow over it: .
• The magnitude of is written as A or | |.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Vectors

• Position, velocity, and acceleration

• Force
• Electric field and magnetic field
• Flow and current
• momentum

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Drawing vectors
• Draw a vector as a line with an arrowhead at its tip.
• The length of the line shows the vector’s magnitude.
• The direction of the line shows the vector’s direction.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Drawing vectors
• Draw a vector as a line with an arrowhead at its tip.
• The length of the line shows the vector’s magnitude.
• The direction of the line shows the vector’s direction.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Adding two vectors graphically

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Adding more than two vectors graphically
• To add several vectors, use the head-to-tail method.
• The vectors can be added in any order.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Subtracting vectors

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Multiplying a vector by a scalar
• If c is a scalar, the product
c has magnitude |c|A.

• The figure illustrates

multiplication of a vector
by (a) a positive scalar
and (b) a negative scalar.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Properties of Vectors

• Vectors : : unit vector, || = 1

• i) Commutative :

• ii) Associative :

• iii) Distributive : (k: scalar)

• iv) Subtraction :

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Components of a vector
• Adding vectors graphically provides limited accuracy. Vector
components provide a general method for adding vectors.
• Any vector can be represented by an x-component Ax and a
y-component Ay.

A  Ax2  Ay2

Ax  A cos , Ay  A sinθ
Angle q is defined positive in ccw direction
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
 Unit vectors
• A unit vector has a magnitude
of 1 with no units.
• The unit vector points in the
+x-direction, points in the
+y-direction, and points in
the +z-direction.
• Any vector can be expressed
in terms of its components as

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Calculations using components
• We can use the components of a vector to find its magnitude
and direction:

• We can use the components of a

set of vectors to find the components
of their sum:

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Calculations using components
• We can use the components of a vector to find its magnitude and direction:
• We can use the components of a set of vectors to find the components
of their sum:
Rx  Ax  Bx  C x  ...., R y  Ay  B y  C y  ....
 The scalar product

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Calculating a scalar product using
components
• In terms of components:

• The scalar product of two vectors is the sum of the products

of their respective components.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Finding an angle using the scalar product
 The vector product
If the vector product (“cross product”) of two vectors is
then:

The direction of the

vector product can be
found using the right-
hand rule:

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 The vector product is anticommutative

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Calculating the vector product

• Use ABsinϕ to find the magnitude

and the right-hand rule to find the
direction.
Calculating the vector product

Cyclic;

Torque  rF Angular Momentum l r p Lorentz Force F q vB

Summary
• Physical quantities & units

• Significant figures

• Scalars, vectors,
& vector addition

• Vector components
& vector addition
Summary
• Unit vectors

• Scalar product

• Vector product
Uncertainty and significant figures
• The uncertainty of a measured quantity is indicated by its
number of significant figures.

𝜋=3.1415926535 …
2 𝜋 𝑟 424 mm
= =3.14 074074
2𝑟 135 mm