Magnetic compass

Ship magnetic Earth magnetic

Disturbing force Directive force

Remove the Lead the

compass needle compass needle
away from the to magnetic
magnetic north north
 Earth magnetic

Blue magnetic pole

The Earth
Magnetic field lines
Magnetic Equator
Magnetic compass
needle
Red magnetic pole

The earth magnetic move from the red pole

to blue pole
 The earth magnetic move from the red pole
to blue pole
Blue magnetic pole
The Earth
Magnetic field lines

Red magnetic
pole
tic The force of The EARTH magnetic (T)
ne g
ma
T H distributed to
E AR
e
Th (T) Horizontal force (H)
of vertical force
f or ce
(Z)
And vertical force (Z)
e
Th
Horizontal force
Horizontal force (H)
DIP (H) Maxi. at the Equator and mini. at the Pole
vertical force (Z)

Mini. at the Equator and maxi. at the Pole

 T The Angle of DIP
Z =T SIN
=zero in the equator
H = T COS

DIP

H= H COS ZERO Z= H SIN ZERO

= H ×1 = H ×ZERO
=MAX =ZERO

The
Angle of
H= H COS 90 Z= H SIN 90
= H ×ZERO = H ×1
DIP
=ZERO =MAX =90 at
the pole
Directive Force (H)

force can be defined as the force which is responsible to

direct a freely suspended magnetic needle toward the
magnetic north
 The Angle of DIP

It is the angle of highest or lowest of the compass

needle with horizontal level . the compass needle must
be free to rotate

T
Z
H

DIP

The Angle of DIP (-) The Angle of DIP (+)

in the southern in the northern
;hemisphere ;hemisphere
 Magnetic
Equator
The line which joining between all places
which has the angle of DIP = ZERO …..,
and separating between the red magnetic in
the southern hemisphere and the blue
magnetic in the northern hemisphere.
Magnetic field
lines
Semi grate circle joining between the red
pole and the blue pole

Magnetic latitudes

The line which joinning between all places

which has the angle of DIP equale the same
value .
 VARIATION
The angle between TRUE NORTH and MAGNETIC
T.N NORTH when it east (+) & west (-)
M.
N
var
TOTAL DEVIATION
DE

C.N
ERROR
V

The angle between MAGNETIC NORTH and

COMPASS NORTH when it east (+) & west
(-)
Coming from the iron which
the the ship built from.

IRON

hard iron soft iron middle iron

 iron which the the ship built
from.

middle iron soft iron hard iron

It is iron which It is iron which It is iron which

have the magnetic have the have the
slowly and loss it magnetic fast magnetic slowly
slowly and loss it fast and dot loss it
Retentive magnetic Induced magnetic Permanent magnetic

Have 3
The hard iron loss magnetic :- vertical Force )R(
Forces
1- Change big parts of ship hell.
2- Sailing far from building Longitudinal
place for long time.
horizontal force (p)
3- Iron knocking or welding.
Incidental horizontal
- Force (Q)
The forces P, Q, and R

• A fore and aft force acting at the

compass due to permanent
magnetism is called force P.
• An athwart ships force acting at the
compass due to permanent
magnetism is called force Q.
• A vertical force acting at the compass
due to permanent magnetism
 Disturbing Force
(P)
rce P: Is the fore and aft component of a vessel’s permanent magnetic
.field
South Building Direction North Building Direction
p+
p+
 Disturbing Force (p) North Building
direction
H P NO DEV

Dev

H H
DEV (E) DEV
E W (W)
090 270 P P
000 180 360

360 270 180 090 000 co

H NO DEV
no E no w no de P

v
 Dev  Devcaused
Dev
by(P)
by(
caused
P)with
withC.CO
C.CO

Dev  H\1 Devcaused

Dev causedby
WithLAT
by(p)
LAT
(p)

With

Dev  Force (p)

Force (p)
H Correction
Correction

Longitudin Permanent
Magnetic al magnetic
compass
1-Permanent magnetic correction
Horizontal
2- longitudinal horizontal
correction
3- polarity
3- polarity of
of the
the correction
correction
opposite
opposite
The corrections
of the polarity of te ship.
Correcting force P
The ship must be steady •
on a magnetic heading
where maximum
deviation occurs (east
or west) in order to
calculate the value of
deviation
Correctors must be •
made of the same kind
of iron that causes
.deviation
They shall be so placed •
that their axes lie fore
.and aft and horizontal
Force P: is the fore and aft
component of a ship’s permanent
.magnetic field
When the Bow is Blue then we
will have a Positive force P and
vice versa.
Force Q: is the athwart ships
component of a ship’s permanent
magnetic field
Force Q

• Q is the athwart ships component of

the force at the compass due to the
ship's permanent and sub-permanent
magnetism.
• It is +Q if the force is acting towards
the starboard side.
• It is -Q if the force is acting towards
the port side.
Force +Q and -Q
• +Q is a result of the
vessel being
permanently
magnetised blue to
starboard and red to
port.
• -Q as a result of the
vessel being
permanently
magnetised red to
starboard and blue to
port.
 Disturbing Force
(Q) component of a vessel’s permanent magnetic
e Q: Is the athwartships
field

West Building Direction East Building Direction

 Disturbing Force (Q) WEST Building direction

Dev
DEV H
(W)
360 270 180 090 000 co Q

W NO E NO W de
v
W H
HQ Q
NO DEV
E
NO DEV

H
DEV (E)
Q
 Dev  Devcaused
Dev
by(Q)
by(
caused
Q)with
withC.CO
C.CO

Dev  H\1 Devcaused

Dev causedby
WithLAT
With
by(Q)
LAT
(Q)

Dev  Force (Q)

Force (Q)
H Correction
Correction
Magnetic Longitudin Permanent
compass al magnetic
Horizontal
1-Permanent magnetic correction
2-Incidental horizontal CORRECTION
3- polarity
3- polarity of
of the
the correction
correction
The corrections opposite
opposite
Correcting Force Q
• The ship must be steady
on a magnetic heading
where maximum
deviation occurs (north
or south) in order to
calculate the value of
deviation
• Correctors must be made
of the same kind of iron
that causes deviation.
• They shall be so placed
that their axes lie
athwartships and
horizontal
 Induced magnetic
The
The
rods
rods
Vertical
Vertical Horizontal
Horizontal
rods
rods rods
rods
Incidental Longitudinal
horizontal rods horizontal rods

Is polarity
-- Is polarity change
change with
with
Is polarity
-- Is polarity do
do not
not change
change
ship’s
ship’s
with ship’s
with ship’s Heading
Heading..
Heading ..
Heading
--Is
Is polarity
polarity change
change when
when
crossing the
crossing the equator.
equator. --Is
Is polarity
polarity do
do not
not change
change
 Magnetic
Magnetic
compass
compass
badly placed
badly placed Fine placed
Fine placed
compass compass
- placed oncompass
the fore
compass
- placed at any side .
and aft center line.
- Placed on any deck.
- Placed on highest
deck
Its Its rods
rods _
d f b _ Cake
Cake
-+-+
-+ + -+ -+-+
 The Rode C

Northern
hemisphere

C- C+

‫خط‬
‫األستواء‬

C- C+

Southern
hemisphere
 Rode – C in northern
hemisphere
Dev H c- NO DEV
360 270 180 090 000 co
no E no w no de
v
H H
DEV (E) DEV
E W (W)
c- c-

090 270
000 180 360

H
c- NO DEV
 Devcaused
Dev causedby
by(-
(-
Dev  C)with
C) withC.CO
C.CO

Devcaused
Dev causedby
by(-C)
(-C)

Dev  Z\H
WithLAT
With LAT

rode(-C ))
rode(-C
Correction
Dev  Z\H
C+
Correction
C-

Behind In front
compas compas
s s
A bare made of soft
Magnetic
iron its length 12
compass inch or 24 inch put
in copper cylindrical
 Coefficient
D

360 315 270 225 180 135 090 045 000 CO

NO E NO W NO E NO W NO DE
V
000

360
090

180

270
315
225
135
45
 360 315 270 225 180 135 090 045 000 CO

NO W NO E NO W NO E NO DEV
000

090

180

270
225
135
45

360
315
000

45
090
135

180

225

270
315
360
a-

000
e-

45
090

135
180
225
270
315

36 0
 DEV ( - e ) > DEV ( -
a )

a-
D

315
Coefficient
225
135
45

e-

Correction
Correction
Coefficient D
Coefficient D
Magnetic
Spheres compass
correction