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1.Introduction to Anatomy

The document provides an overview of anatomy, physiology, and pathology, detailing their definitions and interrelations. It describes three approaches to studying anatomy: regional, systemic, and clinical, along with the anatomical position and various planes and directional terms. Additionally, it outlines terms of movement and laterality relevant to anatomical studies.

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Cawil Cade
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2 views

1.Introduction to Anatomy

The document provides an overview of anatomy, physiology, and pathology, detailing their definitions and interrelations. It describes three approaches to studying anatomy: regional, systemic, and clinical, along with the anatomical position and various planes and directional terms. Additionally, it outlines terms of movement and laterality relevant to anatomical studies.

Uploaded by

Cawil Cade
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Anatomy and physiology One

Lecturer:
Dr-Nur Salad Osman (Sudeyzi)
MBBS
Plasma University
Session 2022
Introduction
to
Anatomy

(a)
Introduction
• Anatomy is the study of the structure of the
body and the physical relationships between
its constituent parts.
• Physiology is the study of how the body
systems work, and the ways in which their
integrated activities maintain life and health of
the individual.
• Pathology is the study of abnormalities and
pathophysiology considers how they affect
body functions, often causing illness.
Introduction to anatomy
• There are three approaches to the study of
the anatomy
Regional anatomy
Systemic anatomy
Clinical(applied) anatomy
Regional anatomy
• Considers the organization of human body as
segment or major parts . Main body consists
of head , neck, trunk , upper limbs and lower
limbs
• Surface anatomy is essential part of regional
anatomy .
Systemic anatomy
• Recognizes the organization of body`s organs into
systems that work together to carry out complex
function.
1-integumentary system : skin , hair , nails and sweet
glands
2- Skeletal system: bones and cartilages
3-Articular system: joints and ligaments
4-Muscular system: muscles
5-Nervous system: Central and Peripheral nerves
6-Circulatory system: cardiovascular and lymphatic
systems
Cont
7-Digestive system: stomach , intestines and
associated glands
8-Respiratory system : lungs and air passages
9-Urinary system : kidneys , ureters , bladder,
and urethra
10- genital system: gonads ( Tests and Ovaries),
ducts.
11- Endocrine system
Clinical anatomy
• Emphasizes aspect of body structures and
function important in practice of medicine
To avoid confusion, it is always
assumed that the body is in a
standard position called
Anatomical Position
In anatomical
position
•the body is erect
•the feet parallel
•the face facing
forward
•the arms hanging
at the sides
•the palms facing
forward
Anatomical planes
• There are 4 imaginary planes
 Median plane
 Saggital plane
 Frontal plane
 Transverse
 Median plane: It is vertical plane , divides the
body into right and left halves.
 Saggital plane: vertical plane, passing through
the body parallel to the median plane, divides the
body into right and left (equal or unequal parts).
 Frontal (coronal) planes :vertical planes passing
through the body at right angles to the median
plane dividing the body into anterior and
posterior
 Transverse (horizontal) plane :divides the into
superior and inferior
Body Planes Figure 1.8
Directional Terms

Superior/Cranial A term indicating that a given structure lies above


another (towards the head)

Inferior/Caudal A term indicating that a given structure lies


beneath another (towards the tail)

Anterior/Ventral Towards the front of the body (as opposed to


posterior)
Posterior/Dorsal Relating to the back or the dorsal aspect of the
body (as opposed to anterior)

Medial Situated close to or at the midline of the body or


organ (as opposed to lateral)
Lateral Located away from the midline

Intermediate Between the medial & lateral structure

Proximal Close to the point of attachment of a structure

Distal Away from the point of attachment of a


structure (as opposed to proximal)

Superficial On or near the body surface (as opposed to


deep)

Deep: Away from the body surface


(as opposed to superficial)
TERMS OF MOVEMENTS

Flexion: A movement, that decreases the angle of the joint,


and brings two bones closure

Extension: A movement, that increase the angle, or distance


between two bones ( opposite of flexion)

Abduction: A movement away from midline or median plane of


the body
Adduction: A movement toward midline (opposite of abduction)

Rotation: Movement of bone around a fixed axis

Circumduction: Combination of flexion, extension, abduction &


adduction Dr. Vohra
Pronation: Moving the palm from an anterior position to
posterior position
Supination: Moving the palm from a posterior position to anterior
position
Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot medially

Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot laterally

Dorsiflexion: Movement of foot up towards the leg (standing on


heels)
Planter flexion: Movement of toes towards the ground (standing on
toes)
Origin: The proximal point of muscle attachment that is fixed
or less moveable during the muscle contraction

Insertion: The distal point of muscle attachment that is


moveable during the muscle contraction
Terms of laterality
 Unilateral :those occurring on one side only
 Bilateral : paired structures having right and
left
 Ipsilateral : something occurring on the same
side of the body
 Contra lateral : means occurring on the
opposite side of the body relative to another
structure

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