Semantic

Web
<Semantic Web 2025>

<//Section
1 //>
The Semantic Web – Introduction
</ The Semantic Web //
/ >

“The Semantic Web is an extension of the current

web in which information is given well-defined
meaning, better enabling computers and people to
work in co- operation.“ [Berners-Lee et al, 2001]
 </ Build of Semantic web //
/ >
< The emergence of the Semantic web is a natural
progression in accredited information theories,
borrowing concepts from the knowledge
representation and knowledge management worlds as
well as form revised thinking within World Wide
< web community.
The semantic web is much more expressive,
comprehensive and powerful form of data modeling.
</ Does Semantic Web exist? //
/ >
The Semantic Web currently exists as a vision,
although a promising and captivating one. Similar
to the current Web.
the Semantic web will be formed through a
combination of open standard and proprietary
protocols, frameworks, technologies, and
services.
</ Semantic web, Semantic //
/ interoperability and >
The termsSemantic Technologies
“semantic interoperability” and
“Semantic Technologies” are not interchangeable
with the term “Semantic Web” much of the work on
the Semantic Web is focused on the ambitious goal
of allowing relatively universal and autonomous
understanding of information on the internet.
Semantic interoperability represents a more
limited or constrained subset of this goal.
</ Semantic web, Semantic //
/ interoperability and >
Semantic Semantic Technologies
technologies is defined as a software
technology that allows the meaning of and
associations between information to be known and
processed at a execution time.
For a semantic technology to be truly at work
within a system there must be a knowledge model
of some part of the world that is used by one or
more applications at execution time
 </ Today’s Web //
/ >
Currently most of the Web content is suitable for
human use.
< Typical uses of the Web today are information
seeking, publishing, and using, searching for
people and products, shopping, reviewing
< catalogues, etc.
Dynamic pages generated based on information from
databases but without original information
structure found in databases.
 </ Limitations of the Web //
/ Search today >
< The Web search results are high recall, low
< precision.
< Results are highly sensitive to vocabulary.
< Results are single Web pages.
Most of the publishing contents are not
structured to allow logical reasoning and query
answering.
 </ Key components of the //
/ semantic Web >
< XML (extensible Markup Language)
< RDF (Resource Description framework)
< OWL ( Web Ontology Language)
 </ XML (extensible Markup //
/ Language) >
< XML was developed in the late 1990s by the W3C as
a standard way of describing, transporting, and
exchanging data.
< XML does not do anything by itself, but rather
serves as a mechanism for describing data through
the use of customized tags in a customized
< manner.
XML provides constructs such as document type
definition (DTD) or XML Schema for defining these
types of data exchange rules.
 </ XML (extensible Markup //
/ Language) >
< Meaning of XML-Documents is intuitively clear
due to "semantic" Mark-Up
tags are domain-terms
< But, computers do not have intuition
tag-names do not provide semantics for
< machines.
DTDs or XML Schema specify the structure of
< documents, not the meaning of the document
contents
XML lacks a semantic model
has only a "surface model”, i.e. tree
 </ XML: limitations for semantic //
/ markup >
< XML representation makes no commitment on:
Domain specific ontological vocabulary.
Which words shall we use to describe a given
set of concepts?
Ontological modelling primitives.
How can we combine these concepts, e.g. “car is
a-kind-of (subclass-of) vehicle”.
< RDF (Resource Description framework) is next
step.
 </ RDF //
/
Resource Description framework >
< RDF encodes information in sets of triples, each
triple being rather like the subject, verb and
object of an elementary sentence.
< A Universal Resource Identifier (URI), similar to
a URL for a Web page, identifies each of the
< triple elements.
The purpose of a URI is to uniquely identify a
concept in the form of subject, verb or object by
linking to the origin where the concept is
defined. RDF provides an infrastructure for
linking distributed metadata.
</ RDF: Basic Ideas //
/ Properties are special kind of resources >
< Properties
Properties describe relations between
resources.
For example: “written by”, “composed by”,
“title”, “topic”, etc.
Properties in RDF are also identified by URIs.
This provides a global, unique naming scheme.
<
Statements
A statement is an object-attribute-value
triple.
It consists of a resources, a property, and a
</ RDF Schema: Basic Ideas //
/ >
< RDF is a universal language that enables users to
describe their own vocabularies.

< But, RDF does not make assumption about any

particular domain.
It is up to user to define this in RDF schema.
</ Ontologies //
/ >
The term ontology is originated from philosophy.
In that context it is used as the name of a
subfield of philosophy, namely, the study of the
nature of existence.

For the Semantic Web purpose:

“An ontology is an explicit and formal specification
of a conceptualization”. (R. Studer)
In general, an ontology describes formally a
domain of discourse.
An ontology consists of a finite list of terms
and the relationships between the terms.
</ Ontologies and Semantic //
/ Web >
The terms denote important concepts classes of objects)
of the domain.
For example, in a university setting, staff members,
students, courses, modules, lecture theatres, and
schools are some important concepts.

In the context of the Web, ontologies provide a shared

understanding of a domain.
Such a shared understanding is necessary to overcome
the difference in terminology.
Ontologies are useful for improving accuracy of Web
searches.
Web searches can exploit generalization/specialization
</ Ontology Spectrum Overview //
/ >
Taxonomy
This is one of the simple form of semantic model,
Taxonomies are defined simply as the structures used
to organize information.
Thesaurus
This is more complex then a Taxonomy because its
parent-child relationship.
Conceptual model & logical Theory
Conceptual Models and Logical Theories can be
considered Ontology,Because the relationships are
specified there is no longer a need for a strict
structure that encompasses or defines the
relationships.
</ Ontologies (OWL) //
/ >
< RDFS is useful, but does not solve all possible
requirements

Complex applications may want more possibilities:

similarity and/or differences of terms (properties or
classes)
construct classes, not just name them
can a program reason about some terms? E.g.:
“if «Person» resources «A» and «B» have the same
< «foaf: » property, then «A» and «B» are identical”
etc.

This lead to the development of OWL (Web Ontology

</ OWL ( Web Ontology //
/ Language) >
< Whereas RDF's primary value can be seen in enabling
integration of distributed data, OWL's main value is in
enabling reasoning over distributed data. RDF and OWL
can operate together or separately.

In RDFS, you can subclass existing classes… that’s all.

In OWL, you can construct classes from existing ones:

enumerate its content
through intersection, union, complement
through property restrictions
</ Semantic Web and AI ? //
/ >
No human-level intelligence claims
As with today’s WWW
large, inconsistent, distributed
Requirements
scalable, robust, decentralised
tolerant, mediated
Semantic Web will make extensive use of current AI,
any advancement in AI will lead to a better Semantic Web .
Current AI is already sufficient to go towards realizing the semantic web
vision.
As with WWW, Semantic Web will (need to) adapt fast
</ References //
0
/ 0 >

1 Barnaghi, Payam.
"Introduction to the
Semantic Web." Lecture.
2 W3C Semantic Web
https://www.w3.org/
2001/sw/

0 The Semantic Web

3
Community Portal,
http://
www.semanticweb.com/
<//Thank
You//>