PRESENTATIO

N OF DATA
 PRESENTATION OF
DATA
Research data must be presented in a manner that allowed
the reader to easily understand. Data may be presented in
textual, tabular or graphical or a combination of these.

Textual presentation: Textual presentation uses

statements with
numerals in order to describe the data purposely to get
attention to some significant data. Hence, it consists of
describing data in expository form. It is adequate for limited
amounts of information. However, if there are
many facts involved, this method should not be used alone,
because of the difficulty in reading and assimilating a list of
facts and figures.
Consider the following example:
Of the 150 sample interviewed, the following complaints
were noted: 27 for lack of books in the library, 25 for a dirty
playground, 20 for lack -of laboratory equipment, 17 for a
not well maintained university build-ings, while another 17
complained of unsanitary cafeteria because of foul smelling
toilet.Another 13 complained that the food in the cafeteria
is not enough, 10 perceived that the teachers are not
friendly, and five complained for lack of resting-place.
Tabular presentation: Tabular presentation is a method
of presenting
data using statistical table. Thus, tabular form is the
systematic organization of data in columns and rows. By
having the statistical table, the researcher is able to
communicate his work to others easily. When used
alongside with textual form, the discussion either comes
before or after the table. Table 1 presents the total
population distribution by region.
 Table 1: Total Population Distribution by
Region: 2000
Region Population Percent

NCR 9,932,560 12.98

CAR 1,365,412 1.78

Region I -Ilocos 4,200,478 5.49

Region II -Cagayan 2,813,159 5.49

Region III -Central Luzon 8,030,945 10.50

 Region IV - Southern
11,793,655 15.42
Tagalog

Region V - Bicol 4,686,669 6.13

Region VI -Western Visayas 6,211,038 8.12

Region VII - Central Visayas 5,706,953 7.46

Region VIII- Eastern Visayas 3,610,355 4.72

Region IX - Western
3,091,208 4.04
Mindanao
Region X - Northern
2,747,585 3.59
Mindanao

Region XI - Southern
5,189,335 6.78
Mindanao

Region XII Central

2,598,210 3.40
Mindanao

ARMM
CARAGA 2,412,159
2,095,367 3.15
2.74
 Of the 16 regions comprising the Philippine archipelago,
Southern Tagalog (Region IV) was the biggest in terms of
population size, it has a total of 11,793,655 (15.42%) of
the Philippine population (See Table 1). The National
Capital Region (CAR) was the second with 9,932,560
persons (12.98%) of the total population. Region III-Central
Luzon reg-istered the third largest population with
8,030,945 persons (10.50%). These three regions
combined comprised 38.90% of the total population.
 Clearly, the formal statistical table is made of a limited
number of structural parts, most of which appear in all
formal tables. These parts of the table are the following:
heading, body, stubs, boxhead, footnotes, and source note.
Heading shows the table number, and the title. The table
number serves to give the table an identity. Thus, table
number indicates the relative position of the table within a
series. It is placed on the same line as the opening of the
title, separated from the title proper by a dash. Arabic
numerals are most desirable because they are most
familiar to the user. Numbers should be omitted for single
 Tables should be num-bered in a single of continuous
Arabic numerals beginning with 1. The table title briefly
explains what are being presented. It is a brief statement
of nature, classification, and time reference of the
information presented, and the political division,
geographic area, or physical plant to which the statistics
refer. It is also noted that all letters in the title are
capitalized, the word "Table" has only the initial letter in
capitals. The rest are in lower case and the table number
appears in standard numerals.
The body is the main part of the table, which contains the
quantitative information. Stubs is that portion of the table
usually comprising the first column' on the left, in which is
located and listing of line or row captions or descriptions,
together with needed classifying and quantifying center
heads and subheads. These are classifications, which are
presented as values of a variable.
 The boxhead is that portion of the table in which is
located the indi-vidual column heads or captions
describing the data in each vertical row or column,
together with the needed classifying and quantifying
spanner heads. Therefore, it is the captions that appear
above the columns.
The footnote is any statement or note inserted at the
foot or bottom of the table. Lastly, source note, specific
source of the statistics. It is introduced by the word
"Source." Thus, source note may be included to
acknowledge the origin of the data. This is placed beneath
the footnote.
Graphical Presentation: Illustrative materials in the
form of graphs go a long way of helping the statisticians
understand the text. A graph is perhaps the most
attractive, effective, and convincing way.
A bar graph - is an excellent way to show relationships
between groups. It consists of bars or rectangles, which
are drawn vertically or horizontally for the purpose of
comparing values to each other. When a nominal data is
presented in a bar graph, the bar must be separated
rather than connected because the categories are not
continuous. For ordinal and interval data, the bar must be
connected in order to emphasize the differences
Figure 1 below is an example, which shows the
leading cause of deaths in the Philippines. Disorder of
the heart was the first cause of deaths which
accounted for 60, 417. The second cause was
pneumonia (32,637). Third was cerebrovascular
diseases (21,705) followed by chronic lower
respiratory diseases.
 Circle graph- is particularly good illustrations when
considering how many parts of a whole are inceptions. This
kind of graph is needed to show percentages effectively. The
sum parts of the whole should be 100%. This circle graph is
sometimes called pie chart. The pie chart is constructed by
dividing a circle into two or more sections. The chart is used
to show the proportion that each part is of the whole. Hence,
it should be used when you want to compare individual
categories with the whole. This kind of graph is most
appropriate for a nominal data.
 Figure 2 shows the ten leading child mortality among
Filipino ages 5-9. For children ages 5-9 years old, the
number one leading cause of mortality was accident
(41.4%). Pneumonia was the second cause of child
mortality (16.4%) and the third was malignant neoplasm
(9.2%).
A Line graph is most useful in displaying data that changes
continuously over time. The categories are chronologically
arranged on the horizontal axis and the relevant values are
indicated on the vertical axis. Variations in the data are
indicated by a series of line segments formed by joining
consecu-tive points plotted above the categories. Figure 3
shows the distribution of enrolment at a certain day care
during the period 1999 to 2006.
THANK YOU