BIOLOGY: CHAPTER 6

LIFE PROCESSES
 Topics

■ Nutrition
– Autotrophic Nutrition
– Heterotrophic Nutrition
■ Nutrition in Human Beings
■ Respiration
■ Transportation
– Transportation in Human Beings
– Transportation in Plants
■ Excretion
How do we distinguish
a living and non living
thing?
 Is invisible molecular movement
necessary to sustain life??
• Living organisms are well organized structures (cells, tissues,
organs, organ system)
• Environment has effect on this ordered nature within cell.
• Organised order is important to sustain life of an organism
• Repairing
• Maintenance
• Every structure is made up of molecules (molecules should be
kept under motion)

Molecular movements are essential

to carry out life processes
What are Life Processes?

■ basic vital processes that are performed by an organism

■ essential to remain healthy and maintain proper functioning of
body organ system (maintenance process)
■ life processes are indispensable for an organism to stay alive
■ applicable to all living organisms!!
Life Processes

NUTRITION RESPIRATIO TRANSPORTATI

N ON

SENSITIVITY/
CONTROL GROWTH /
REPRODUCTIO
N
EXCRETION
 Nutrition
■ Energy is required to sustain life and maintain a state of order in our body

■ Nutrient can de defined as a substance which an organism obtains from its

surroundings and uses it either as an energy source or for biosynthesis of
body constituents.

■ Nutrition is the process of intake and breaking down of food into simple
products like glucose.

Most of the food sources are carbon

based !
Modes of Nutrition
Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition

Saprophytic Parasitic Holozoic

Nutrition Nutrition Nutrition
Respiration
• Outside source of energy
varies

• Conversion to a uniform
source of energy is essential

• Oxidising-reducing reactions:

• common chemical means

to break-down molecules
Respiration involves:

• the process of acquiring

oxygen from outside the body

• breakdown of food source for

cellular needs
Transportation (in animals)

■ unicellular organisms doesn’t require specialized organs

■ the uptake of food and oxygen are performed by specialised tissues

Doesn’t all body parts need food and oxygen?

■ Blood transports food, oxygen and waste materials in our bodies

Do you know that our body possess a pumping system?

 Transportation (in plants)
■ Raw materials for plant nutrition is absorbed from soil via root
hairs
■ Short distance transport: simple diffusion
■ Long distance transport: vascular tissues

■ Plant transport systems will move energy stores from leaves

and raw materials from roots

– xylem moves water and minerals obtained from the soil

– phloem transports products of photosynthesis from the
leaves to other plant parts
 Excretion
■ waste products (carbon dioxide and nitrogenous compounds)
are created as by products of chemical reaction!!
■ biological process involved in the removal of harmful
metabolic wastes from the body

Simple Diffusion Excretory System Transpiration

• Unicellular • Animals • Plants
organisms
Life Maintaining Processes in animals
 BIOLOGY: CHAPTER 6

LIFE PROCESSES
Part 2
Nutrition: Autotrophic nutrition
How do living things get their
food?
■ Autotrophs: They use food material obtained from
simple inorganic sources
– In the form of carbon dioxide and water
– Example: green plants and some bacteria

Mature and daughter colonies of

volvox (Chlorophyta, or green
algae) found in freshwater.
 How do living things get their
food? utilize complex food
■ Heterotrophs
sources
– complex substances have to be
broken down into simpler ones
before they can be used for the
upkeep and growth of the body.
– Enzymes help in this process of
breaking down complex food
sources

Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate the chemical

reaction taking place within our cells. They are basically proteins.
 Autotrophic Nutrition
■ The process of photosynthesis fulfill the
Carbon and energy requirements of the
autotrophic organisms.
 Photosynthesis
■ In this process substances are taken from the outside and converted into
stored forms of energy.
■ The process by which the phototrophs convert light energy into chemical
energy which in turn is used to fuel the cellular activities.
■ All green plants (and a few other autotrophic organisms)
utilize photosynthesis to synthesize nutrients by using carbon dioxide, water
and sunlight.
■ Carbohydrates are utilised for
providing energy to the plant.
■ Excess carbohydrates will be stored
as starch and utilized upon
requirement.
■ Other organisms that
photosynthesise include several
prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria,
purple bacteria and green sulfur
bacteria.
Purple photosynthetic
bacteria

In animals, unwanted glucose is stored as

glycogen and stored primarily in the cells of
the liver and skeletal muscle.
 Site of photosynthesis
■ Leaves contain microscopic cellular organelles known as chloroplasts(green
colour plastids) .
■ Green leaves contain chlorophyll pigment present in chloroplast.
■ Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules whereas carbon dioxide
and oxygen enter through the tiny pores of stomata located in the epidermis
of leaves.
Cross-section of a leaf
What happens during
photosynthesis?
Factors
Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll. Affecting
Photosynthesi
s
• Light
• Temperature
- Conversion of light energy to chemical energy • Humidity
-splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen
• Wind
• Carbon
dioxide
concentration
Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates • Water
Photosynthetic pigments
1.Photosynthetic Pigments

Present in leaf

Chlorop Chlorop Xanthop Caroten

hyll a hyll b hylls oids
Importance of Photosynthesis

■ Photosynthesis is essential for the existence of all life on earth. It

serves a crucial role in the food chain – the plants create their food
using this process, thereby, forming the primary producers.
■ Photosynthesis is also responsible for the production of oxygen –
which is needed by most organisms for their survival.
Cross-section of a leaf
Activity:
Observations
Stomata
■ They are tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves
■ Function: gaseous exchange takes place in the leaves through these pores for the
purpose of photosynthesis.
■ Since large amounts of water can also be lost through these stomata, the plant closes
these pores when it does not need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
■ Guard cells : functions to open and close the pore . The guard cells swell when water
flows into them, causing the stomatal pore to open. Similarly the pore closes if the
guard cells shrink.
Activity :
Raw materials for plant growth: Plant
nutrients
■ Plants require several essential elements.
■ Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are derived from the
atmosphere and soil water.
■ Other essential elements (nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron etc.)
are supplied either from soil minerals and soil
organic matter or by organic or inorganic fertilizers.

Nitrogen: an essential element used in the

synthesis of proteins and other compounds
usually taken up in the form of inorganic
nitrates or nitrites. Or it can be taken up as
organic compounds which have been
prepared by bacteria from atmospheric
nitrogen.
 BIOLOGY: CHAPTER 6

LIFE PROCESSES
PART 3: HETEROTROPHIC
NUTRITION
Heterotrophic Nutrition

■ The form of nutrition differs depending on the type and availability of

food material as well as how it is obtained by the organism.

Type of food
Depends on
Form of three factors Availability of
Nutrition food
Mode of
obtaining
food
Strategies by which the food is
taken in and used by the
organism
Saprophytic

• fungi like bread moulds, yeast and mushrooms

• break-down the food material outside the body and then absorb it

depends
Holozoic
on the
• animals body
• take in whole material and break it down inside their bodies. design
and
parasitic nutritive strategy functionin
• cuscuta (amar-bel), orchids, ticks, lice, leeches and tape-worms g
• derive nutrition from plants or animals without killing them.
How do Organisms obtain their
Nutrition?

■ In single-celled organisms, the food may be taken in by

the entire surface.

■ As the complexity of the organism increases, different

parts become specialized to perform different functions
Nutrition in Amoeba

Holozoic nutrition

1. Ingestion 1. Digestion 1.Absorption 1.Assimilation 1.Egestion

Ingestion

• Amoeba pushes out the pseudopodia to encircle the food and engulfs it forming a
food vacuole(phagocytosis).

Digestion

• The food vacuoles are transported deeper into the cell and with the help of the digestive
enzymes, the large insoluble particles are broken down to the simpler molecules.
Absorption

• In this process of absorption, the nutrients from the digested food material are absorbed
into the cell’s cytoplasm by leaving behind the undigested particles(diffusion).

Assimilation

• The absorbed food molecules are utilized for producing the energy required to carry
out different life processes within the cell.

Egestion

• The cell membrane ruptures to remove the undigested food material from its body.
How do Paramecium obtain their
Nutrition?
■ Paramecium (unicellular): the
cell has a definite shape and
food is taken in at a specific
spot (oral groove).
■ Food is moved to this spot by
the movement of cilia which
cover the entire surface of the
cell.
Nutrition in Human Beings
5 steps in process of
digestion

Ingestio Digestio Absorpti Assimila

Egestion
n n on tion

• Intake • Breakdo • Moveme • Utilizatio • Removal

of food wn of nt of n of food of food
complex digested
food food
Human
Alimentary Canal
 Digestion: In mouth
■ Incomplete digestion occurs in mouth • A fluid called
■ the food is crushed with our teeth. saliva is
secreted by
– Since the lining of the canal is soft, the food is also
the salivary
wetted by saliva by muscular tongue to make its
glands.
passage smooth.
■ Enzymes break food into smaller molecules. • The saliva
Starch Sugar contains an
Salivary Amylase enzyme called
salivary
amylase(ptyali
n) that breaks
down starch to
give sugar
Passage of Food: Oesophagus

■ Long muscular tube that connects

mouth to stomach
Peristalsis
■ necessary to move the food in a
regulated manner through digestive
tube for proper processing in each
part

■ The lining of canal has muscles

that contract rhythmically in order
to push the food forward. These
peristaltic movements occur all
along the gut.
Digestion: Stomach Gastric Glands
HCl: acidic medium
■ The stomach is a J-shaped
for pepsin to act
large organ which expands
when food enters it. Pepsin: protein
■ Location: left side of abdomen digestion
■ Muscular walls of the stomach
help in mixing the food Mucus: protects inner
thoroughly with more
digestive juices. lining of stomach
■ Partial digestion of food
occurs Gastric Lipase: partial
breakdown of fats
Digestion: small intestine

■ Food passed to small intestine in

small amounts
– regulated by a sphincter
muscle
■ Longest part of the alimentary
canal with extensive coiling
■ Complete food digestion occurs
here
■ Receive secretions from 2 gland
through a common duct:
Liver and Pancreas

Length of small intestine differs in

animals
Secretions from liver

■ Bile juice from liver converts the

acidic food from stomach to
alkaline in nature (for pancreatic
enzymes)
Emulsification of fats:
■ Fats are present in the intestine in
the form of large globules which
makes it difficult for enzymes to
act on them.
■ Bile salts break them down into
smaller globules increasing the
efficiency of enzyme action.
Pancreas secrete pancreatic juice
■ The glands present in walls of the
small intestine secrete intestinal juice
■ Trypsin: (succus entericus).
– Digestion of proteins
■ Lipase
■ The enzymes present in it convert:
– Breaking down emulsified fats
– the proteins to amino acids,
– complex carbohydrates into
glucose
– fats into fatty acids and glycerol
 Absorption

■ The digested food is taken

up by the walls of the
intestine.

■ Villi: The inner lining of the

small intestine has
numerous finger-like
projections which increase
the surface area for
absorption.
 Assimilation
The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to
each and every cell of the body.
■ obtaining energy
■ building up new tissues
■ repair of old tissues.
 Egestion

■ Unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine where more villi
absorb water from this material.

■ The rest of the material is removed from the body via the anus.

■ The exit of this waste material is regulated by the anal

sphincter.
 Dental caries
■ Tooth decay causes softening of enamel
and dentine.
■ Bacteria acting on sugars produce acids
that softens or demineralises the enamel.
■ Masses of bacterial cells together with
food particles stick to the teeth to form
dental plaque.
■ Saliva cannot reach the tooth surface to
neutralise the acid as plaque covers the
teeth. If untreated, microorganisms may
invade the pulp, causing
inflammation and infection.
 BIOLOGY: CHAPTER 6

LIFE PROCESSES
RESPIRATION
PART 4: RESPIRATION
What happens to glucose in the cells?

Glucose Glucose

Oxyge Oxyge
n n

Carbon dioxide + water Carbon dioxide + water

First Step: Breakdown of 6 C-glucose into a 3 C-

CYTOPLASM
Pyruvate
Anaerobic respiration

Oxyge
n
ETHANOL

PYRUVATE AT
P

CARBON DIOXIDE

• This process takes place in

yeast during
FERMENTATION.
• Process occurs in absence
of air
Aerobic respiration
CARBON DIOXIDE

3C PYRUVATE AT
P

WATER
WHY DO MUSCLE CRAMPS
OCCUR?
■ When there is a lack of oxygen in our muscle cells, alternative
pathway for the break-down of pyruvate is taken.
AT
3C PYRUVATE 3C LACTIC ACID P

■ The build-up of lactic acid in our muscles during sudden activity

causes cramps.
Break-down of glucose by
various pathways

GLYCOLYSI
S

KREBS
CYCLE
Formula:
ATP: Energy Currency of the cell

■ Adenosine Triphosphate is synthesized in cellular respiration.

■ ATP is broken down to a fixed amount of energy to drive the
endothermic reactions occurring in the cell.
The energy
released
during the
process of
respiration is
used to make
an ATP
molecule from
ADP and
inorganic
phosphate.
ATP can be used by body for…

Contraction of muscles Protein synthesis

Conduction of nerve impulse

What is respiration?

■ The process of releasing energy from food is called respiration.

What is the process?

Eliminating the waste

Using oxygen for
Taking in oxygen products(carbon
releasing energy by
(air) into the cells dioxide and water)
burning food from the body

OXIDATION OF
FOOD
Aerobic Anaerobic
Respiration Respiration
■ Partial oxidation of food
■ Complete oxidation of food molecules
■ In the presence of Oxygen
■ In the absence of Oxygen
■ End products are CO2 and
H2O and energy is released. ■ Ethanol or Lactic acid are
■ 38 ATP molecules are produced along with CO2
produced when one ■ 2 ATP molecules are
glucose molecule is
oxidized. produced.
 How do plants respire?
■ Plants exchange gases through
stomata, and the large inter-cellular
spaces ensure that all cells are in
contact with air.
■ Diffusion: Carbon dioxide and
oxygen are exchanged
■ The direction of diffusion depends
upon:
– the environmental conditions
– the requirements of the plant
 Photosynthesis/ Respiration

DAY:
NIGHT:
Carbon dioxide is
Carbon dioxide is
used for
eliminated
photosynthesis
Lenticels: Helps in gaseous
exchange
Respiratory Organs in
Animals
■ Arthropods like insects - Tracheal system

■ Aquatic animals like prawns, mollusks, fishes - Gills

■ Terrestrial animals such as amphibians, reptiles, birds

and mammals - Lungs
 Common features of respiratory
organs
■ Large surface area to absorb O2

■ Moist and thin walls for easy diffusion and

exchange of gases.

■ Rich supply of blood for transporting

respiratory gases.
 Human Respiratory System
The human respiratory system consists:

■ nostrils
■ nasal cavity
■ pharynx
■ larynx
■ trachea (wind pipe)
■ bronchi
■ bronchioles
■ alveoli
■ lungs
Inhalation and Exhalation
■ Inhalation is brought about by simultaneous contraction of intercostal
muscles and diaphragm, where relaxation of these muscles brings
about exhalation.
Passage of Air:

Nostrils

• Air is taken into the body through nostrils

Nasal cavity

• It is separated from buccal cavity by bony palate

• Fine hairs and mucus filter the air taken in
 Passage of Air (contd..)

Pharynx Larynx (voice box)

• Larynx protrusion is also called Adam’s apple

Trachea (wind pipe)

• A flap of cartilage (epiglottis) present

• Epiglottis cover the mouth of trachea when we swallow food
• Supported by rings of cartilage
Passage of Air (contd..)

Bronchi (Singular: Bronchus)

• Trachea runs down the neck to divide into two smaller tubes called bronchi
• They are connected to two lungs
• Lungs lie in thoracic cavity
• Diaphragm: muscular partition that separates it from abdominal cavity
• Thin membrane

Bronchioles

• Large number of smaller tubes arising from Bronchi

Passage of Air (contd..)

Alveoli (Singular: alveolus)

• Pouch like air sacs at the end of bronchioles

• Richly supplied with thin blood capillaries

Lungs

• Lungs lie in thoracic cavity

• Diaphragm: muscular partition that separates it from abdominal cavity
• Thin membrane covering lungs: Pleura
 Respiratory Pigment:
• Haemoglobin has a very high affinity for oxygen.
• Present in the red blood corpuscles (RBC).
• Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen is
and hence is mostly transported in the dissolved form in
our blood.
Transportation
in
Human Beings
The circulatory fluid- blood
PIGMENT IN
BLOOD-
HAEMOGLOBIN
BLOOD

FLUID
CONNECTI
VE TISSUE

Plasma Red Blood

White Blood
Cells
(Fluid Cells Platelets
(Erythrocytes
matrix) (Leucocytes)
)
 Blood transports….
1) TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES

■ Digested food
■ Proteins
■ Carbon Dioxide
■ Nitrogenous Wastes ( Dissolved Form)
■ Oxygen
■ Salts
■ Hormones

2) PROTECTION AGAINST DISEASE

3) REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE

TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
Blood
Vessels

Arteries Veins Capillaries

• Thin walled
• Carry blood from
• Thick elastic
different organs to • These blood
walled
heart. vessels occur at
• Carry blood from
• Posses valves to the terminals of
heart to different
ensure blood flow artery and vein
organs
only to one • Walls are only
• Largest artery:
direction one cell thick
AORTA
• Main vein: VENA
CAVA
 THE HUMAN HEART Heart is
protected by a
double walled
■ The heart is four chambered
membranous
SEPTUM bag,
PERICARDIUM
UPPER RIGHT
LEFT ATRIUM
CHAMBERS ATRIUM

VALVE VALVE

RIGHT LEFT
LOWER
VENTRICLE VENTRICLE
CHAMBERS

SEPTUM
Our pump — the heart
■ The heart is a muscular organ (cardiac muscle
fibres)
■ The heart has different chambers to prevent the
oxygen-rich blood from mixing with the blood
containing carbon dioxide.
■ The carbon dioxide-rich blood reach the lungs for
the carbon dioxide to be removed.
■ The oxygenated blood from the lungs has to be
brought back to the heart.
■ This oxygen-rich blood is then pumped to the rest
of the body.
Structure of Heart:
WHY THE ATRIA AND VENTRICLES ARE
SEPARATED?
■ It prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.
■ This separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the
body.
■ Useful in animals that have high energy needs, such as birds and
mammals
– They constantly use energy to maintain their body
temperature.
 WHY DO SOME HAVE THREE
CHAMBERED HEART?
■ In animals the body
temperature depends on the
temperature in the
environment.

■ Amphibians or many reptiles

have three-chambered hearts,
and can tolerate some mixing
of the oxygenated and de-
oxygenated blood streams
WHY DO SOME HAVE TWO CHAMBERED HEART?

■ Fishes posses two chambered heart.

■ Blood is pumped to the gills for oxygenation and
passed directly to the body.

■ Thus, blood goes only once through the heart in the fish
during one cycle of passage through the body. (SINGLE
CIRCULATION)

■ Blood goes through the heart twice during each cycle in

other vertebrates. (DOUBLE CIRCULATION)
Double Circulation
Blood Pressure

• The force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.

Pressure is greater
Systolic pressure : in arteries than in
veins.
• The pressure of blood inside the artery during ventricular
systole (contraction).
• Normal systolic pressure is about 120 mm of Hg

Diastolic pressure
• Pressure in artery during ventricular diastole (relaxation).
• Normal diastolic pressure is 80 mm of Hg.
Blood pressure is measured with an instrument
called sphygmomanometer.
Hypertension

■High blood pressure

■Caused by the constriction of arterioles
leading to increased resistance to blood
flow.
■It can lead to the rupture of an artery
and internal bleeding.
 LYMPH (tissue fluid)
■ Through the pores present in the walls of capillaries
some amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells
escape into intercellular spaces in the tissues to
form the tissue fluid or lymph.
■ It is similar to the plasma of blood but colourless
and contains less protein.
■ Lymph drains into lymphatic capillaries from the
intercellular spaces, which join to form large lymph
vessels that finally open into larger veins.
■ FUNCTION:
– carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine
– drains excess fluid from extra cellular space
The biochemical reactions taking place in the cells of an organism may:

 Produce toxic waste in the body (nitrogenous

wastes)

 Increase or decrease water content in the body

 Create an imbalance of ions in the body

What is excretion?

■ The biological process involved in the removal of harmful metabolic

wastes from the body is called excretion.

Excretion

Unicellular Multicellular
(Diffusion) (Specialised Organs)
Lets’ recall
Amoeba Contractile vacuole

Earthworm Nephridia

sponges Osculum

Flatworm Flame cells

Human Beings Kidney- Nephrons (excretory unit)

 Excretion in
Human Beings
 Parts of excretory system of human
beings
■ Location: Kidneys are located in the
abdomen, one on either side of the
backbone.

A pair of kidneys

URINE
TEMPORAR
ILY STORED
HERE
How is urine produced?

■ Urine helps to filter out waste products from the blood.

■ Nitrogenous waste such as urea or uric acid are removed from blood in the
kidneys.

■ Basic filtration unit in the kidneys-is a cluster of very thin-walled blood capillaries.

– Each capillary cluster is associated with the cup-shaped end of a tube that
collects the filtered urine.
Each kidney has large numbers of filtration
units called nephrons packed close together
RE-ABSORBTION IN KIDNEYS

■ Glucose, amino acids, salts and a major amount of water, are

selectively re-absorbed as the urine flows along the tube

■ The amount of water reabsorbed depends on:

– how much excess water there is in the body
– how much of dissolved waste there is to be excreted
■ Urine forming in each kidney enters a long tube, the ureter, which connects
the kidneys with the urinary bladder.

■ Urine is stored in the urinary bladder until the pressure of the expanded
bladder leads to the urge to pass it out through the urethra.

■ The bladder is muscular and is under nervous control.

– As a result, we can usually control the urge to urinate.
Artificial kidney (Hemodialysis)
 Reduction in kidney activity
■ An artificial kidney is a device to remove nitrogenous waste products from
the blood through Factors
dialysis.

Infections
This leads to
accumulation of
poisonous wastes
Injuries in the body even
leading to death

Restricted blood flow

 • A tank is filled with dialysing fluid.
• Long cellulose tubes with semi-
STEP 1
permeable lining are suspended into
• this tank. fluid has the same osmotic
Dialysing
pressure as blood
• It is devoid of nitrogenous wastes.
STEP 2 • Osmotic pressure can be defined as the
minimum pressure that must be applied to a
solution to halt the flow of solvent molecules
through a semipermeable membrane

STEP 3 •The patient’s blood is passed through these tubes.

•The waste products from the blood pass into dialysing fluid by diffusion.

STEP 4 •The purified blood is pumped back into the patient’s body.
The dialysisng solution
contains water, glucose
and salts in similar
concentrations to those
in normal blood.
What is osmoregulation?

■ The control of water content (and mineral salts) of the body is called
osmoregulation.
■ The kidneys are responsible for osmoregulation in humans

■ Hormone which controls osmoregulation:

– Anti Diuretic hormone (ADH)
■ Artificial kidneys function similar
to kidney
– but there is no reabsorption POLYURIA:
involved
• Abnormally frequent/
excessive urination
■ Normally, in a healthy adult, the
DYSURIA:
initial filtrate in the kidneys is
about 180 L daily. • Painful urination

■ The volume actually excreted is

only 1-2L/ day!
– the remaining filtrate is
reabsorbed in the kidney tubules
Two important functions of kidneys are:

1. Cleaning blood by removing toxic

wastes like urea from it

2. Controlling the water balance and

the level of mineral salts in the
body.
 Disorders of Excretory system: Kidney stone

■ Renal calculi
■ Hard deposits made of minerals
and salts that form inside kidneys.
■ Symptoms: Pain, trouble urinating,
cloudy or smelly urine, nausea and
vomiting.
Excretion in Plants

Lat
ex

Re
sin Gu
Gaseous wastes
Plant Wastes

In small amounts
Very slowly

Carbon dioxide Water Vapour Oxygen

Respiration Respiration Photosynthesis
Storage of waste in plant body parts
Storage of waste

Plants

• SHEDDING
LEAVES
Leaves

• PEELING OF
BARKS
Bark

• FELLING OF
FRUITS
Fruits(Raphides) • Many plant waste
products are stored
in cellular vacuoles.
Plant wastes useful to humans

Useful wastes from plants

Natural rubber Gums Resins Essential oils

Sandal wood Oil

Eucalyptus Oil
Lavender Oil