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Lecture04- Cellular System

The lecture covers fundamental concepts of mobile communication, including handoff strategies, interference, and system capacity. It discusses co-channel interference, measures of signal quality, and the impact of distance and power on received signal strength. The document emphasizes the trade-offs between capacity and interference in cellular system design.

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saleemshahzad2003
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2 views

Lecture04- Cellular System

The lecture covers fundamental concepts of mobile communication, including handoff strategies, interference, and system capacity. It discusses co-channel interference, measures of signal quality, and the impact of distance and power on received signal strength. The document emphasizes the trade-offs between capacity and interference in cellular system design.

Uploaded by

saleemshahzad2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mobile Communication

EE-451
Lecture 04
By Dr Rabeea Basir
EME, NUST
Today’s Outline
• The Cellular Concept-System Design Fundamentals
o Handoff strategies
o Interference and System Capacity
o Trunking and Grade of Service
o Improving Coverage and Capacity in Cellular Systems
Handoff Strategies
• When a mobile moves into a different cell while a conversation is
in progress, the MSC automatically transfers the call to a new
channel belonging to the new base station.
• System designers must specify an optimum signal level at which to
initiate a handoff.
Interference and System Capacity
• Major limiting factor
• Sources of interference include:
o another mobile in the same cell,
o a call in progress in a neighboring cell,
o other base stations operating in the same frequency band,
o or any noncellular system which inadvertently
• Voice channels interference (crosstalk)
• Control channels interference (missed and blocked calls)
• Two major types
o co-channel interference (CCI)
o adjacent channel interference (ACI)
Co-channel Interference and
System Capacity
• Frequency reuse implies that in a given coverage area there are
several cells that use the same set of frequencies. (co-channel cells)
• Interference between signals from these cells is called co-channel
interference.
Co-channel Interference and
System Capacity
• To reduce co-channel interference, co-channel cells must be physically
separated by a minimum distance.
• CCI ratio is independent of the transmitted power and becomes a
function of the radius of the cell (R) and the distance between centers
of the nearest co-channel cells (D).
Co-channel Interference and
System Capacity
• R=“major” radius of hexagonal cell
• D=distance between centers of nearest co-channel cells
• Q=D/R=Co-channel reuse ratio
• Increasing Q decreases interference
• Q= √3N, where N=cluster size

• A trade-off must be made between these two objectives


(capacity and interference)
Q--, N--, C++
Q++, N++, C--
Measures of Quality of the
Received Signal
• Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
• Signal-to-interference ratio (SIR)

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SNR
• Ratio of received desired signal power over the average noise
power in the receiver

• SNR can be improved by


• Increasing the transmitted power
• Decreasing the range
• Using a better low noise amplifier (LNA)

10
SIR
• Ratio of received desired signal power over the received
interference power

• If all base stations increase their transmitted power by the same


amount, the SIR doesn’t change

11
Computing Received Power
Let
• d be the distance to the desired transmitter
• do be a reference distance (depends on antenna height)
• Po be the power received at the reference distance
• n be the path loss exponent (3-to-4 for mobile cellular)

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Worst Case Interference
• When the transmit power of each base station is equal and the
path loss exponent is the same throughout the coverage area, then
oS  R
oI  D

• Considering the first layer of interfering cells, if all the interfering


base stations are equidistant from the desired base station and if
this distance is equal to the distance D between cell centers,
Worst Case Interference
• The SIR is worst for a mobile on the edge of a cell, In this example,
there are six interferers
Worst Case Interference
Adjacent Channel
Interference
• Even though the neighboring cells share no channels with the
serving cell, the adjacent channels from those cells leak through
the band-pass filter of the mobile (near-far effect)

16
Thanks

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