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1
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
LECTURE 0
 Mechanics of Solids

PART- I PART- II
Mechanics of Rigid Bodies Mechanics of Deformable
Bodies
 COURSE CONTENT IN BRIEF

PART I Mechanics of Rigid Bodies

1. Resultant of concurrent and non-concurrent coplanar forces

2. Equilibrium of concurrent and non-concurrent coplanar forces

3. Centroid of plane areas

4. Moment of Inertia of plane areas

PART II Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

6. Simple stresses and strains

7. Statically indeterminate problems and thermal stresses

8. Stresses due to fluid pressure in thin cylinders

9. Concepts of SFD and BMD

 REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Engineering Mechanics - Meriam & Craige, John Wiley & Sons.
2. Engineering Mechanics - Irwing Shames, Prentice Hall of India.
3. Mechanics for Engineers - Beer and Johnston, McGraw Hills Edition
4. Mechanics of Materials - E.P.Popov
5. Mechanics of Materials - E J Hearn
6. Strength of materials - Beer and Johnston
7. Strength of materials - F L Singer & Andrew Pytel
8. Strength of Materials - B.S. Basavarajaiah & P. Mahadevappa
9. Strength of Materials - S S Bhavikatti
LECTURE 1
 Concept of Rigid body
 Force and its characteristics
 Principle of transmissibility
 Classification of Force System
 Resultant of Coplanar concurrent forces
 Composition of forces
 Resolution of a force
 Rectangular Components of a force
 Sign convention
 INTRODUCTION TO RIGID BODY
MECHANICS
Rigid Body
 A body is said to be rigid if it does not get deformed under the action of
external load.
 It is defined as a definite amount of matter, the parts of which are fixed in
position relative to one another.
 Actually solid bodies are never rigid; they deform under the action of
applied forces. In those cases where this deformation is negligible
compared to the size of the body, the body may be considered to be rigid.
 Force
 It is defined as the action of one body on another. (OR) It is that agent
which causes or tends to cause changes or tends to change the state of rest or
motion of a mass.
 Characteristics of a force:
1. Magnitude
P= 100 kN
2. Direction
30˚ A
3. Point of application and
4. Line of action
B
Example:
 Principle of Transmissibility

A B
P

 The state of rest or motion of the block will be the same if a force of
magnitude P is applied as a push at A or as a pull at B.
OR
 The state of rest or of uniform motion of a rigid body is unaltered if a force
acting on the body is replaced by another force of the same magnitude and
direction but acting anywhere on the body along the line of action of the
replaced force.
 Classification of Force System

System of forces

Non coplanar
Collinear forces Coplanar forces
forces

Concurrent Non concurrent Concurrent Non concurrent

forces forces forces forces

Like parallel Unlike parallel Like parallel Unlike parallel

forces forces forces forces
 RESULTANT OF COPLANAR
CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM
F3 F2

F1 =

A A
F4

It is defined as that single force which can replace a set of forces, in a

force system, and cause the same external effect.
 Composition of forces: It is the process of obtaining the resultant of a
given force system.

 Component of a force : In simple terms, it is the effect of a force in a

certain direction.

 Resolution of a force: The process of obtaining the components of a

force.
 Rectangular Components of a force
F
F F
Fy = Fy
x x x
Fx Fx

 The components that are mutually perpendicular are called ‘Rectangular

Components’.

 Consider a force F making an angle θx with x-axis.

Resolved part of the force F along x-axis is given by F x = F cos θx
Resolved part of the force F along y-axis is given by F y = F sin θx
 Sign convention

y +ve
x

x
+ve
LECTURE 2
 Resultant of Coplanar non-concurrent force systems
 Moment of a force
 Varignon’s theorem
 Couple
 Moment of a couple
 Resolution of a force into a force and couple
 Properties of a couple
 RESULTANT OF COPLANAR NON-
CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM

F2
F1 F2 F1

F5 F3
F3 F4

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

 Parallel Force System – Lines of action of individual forces are parallel

to each other.
 Non-Parallel Force System – Lines of action of the forces are not
parallel to each other.
 Moment
 Moment : measure of rotational effect
 Moment of a force about an axis:
• Moment Axis: the axis about which rotational
tendency is determined.
• Moment Center: This is the position of axis on co-
planar system.
• Moment Arm: Perpendicular distance from the line
of action of the force to moment center.
 Magnitude of moment:
MA = F×d
= Rotation effect because of the force F, about the point A (about an
axis 0-0)
Unit – kN-m, N-mm etc.
 Sense of a Moment
‘Right Hand Thumb’ rule:

‘If the fingers of the right hand are curled in the

direction of rotational tendency of the body, the
extended thumb represents the sense of moment
vector’.

For the purpose of additions, the moment direction

may be considered by using a suitable sign convention M
such as +ve for counterclockwise and –ve for M
clockwise rotations or vice-versa.
 Varignon’s Theorem (Principle of moments)
Proof (by Scalar Formulation):

Ry Q R
Qy D
C P
 q r
Py  B
p


X
A O
Let ‘R’ be the given force. ‘P’ & ‘Q’ are component forces of ‘R’.‘O’ is the
moment center. p, r and q are moment arms from ‘O’ of P, R and Q
respectively.,  and  are the inclinations of ‘P’, ‘R’ and ‘Q’ respectively
w.r.to X – axis.
We have,
Ry = Py + Qy
R Sin = P Sin + Q Sin  ----(1)
From le AOB, p/AO = Sin 
From le AOC, r/AO = Sin 
From le AOD, q/AO = Sin 
From (1),
R ×(r/AO) = P ×(p/AO) + Q ×(q/AO)
i.e., R × r = P × p + Q × q
Moment of resultant R about O = algebraic sum of moments of component
forces P & Q about same moment center ‘O’.
 Couple
Two parallel, non collinear (separated by certain distance) forces that are equal
in magnitude and opposite in direction form ‘couple’.

d = M=Fxd

Couple does not produce any translation but produces only rotation.
 Moment of a Couple
F
d
F
a

 Consider two equal and opposite forces separated by a distance ‘d’. Let ‘O’
be the moment center at a distance ‘a’ from one of the forces.
 The sum of moments of two forces about the point ‘O’ is,
∑ Mo = F × ( a + d) – F × a = F× d

Thus, the moment of the couple about ‘O’ is independent of the location as it
is independent of ‘a’.
Resolution of a force into a force-couple system
To replace the force F acting at the point A to the point B
F F F

B A B A

d
F

F F F

B A B
= A
M=Fxd
F
 Properties of a Couple
 The algebraic sum of the components of the two forces is zero. i.e. the
resultant force of a couple is zero
 The moment of a couple is constant for any point chosen in the plane of the
couple
 A couple can be balanced by an equal and opposite couple in the same
plane
 Two or more couples can be reduced to a single couple of moment equal to
the algebraic sum of the moments of the given couples
 The moment of a couple is independent of the choice of the axis of
moments (moment centre). The moment of a couple is the same with
respect to any axis perpendicular to the plane of the couple.
 Properties of a Couple cont…
 The effect of a couple is unchanged if the couple is rotated through any
angle.
 Since the only effect of a couple is a moment and this moment is the same
about any point, the effect of a couple is unchanged if :
The couple is rotated though any angle.
The couple is shifted to any other position.
The couple is replaced by another pair of forces whose rotational effect
is the same
LECTURE 3
 Application Problems
1. A system of concurrent coplanar forces has six forces of which only five forces
are shown in the Figure. If the resultant force R = 50 kN is acting as shown,
obtain the unknown sixth force
2. Locate the resultant of the non-concurrent force system shown in the
figure with respect to ‘A’
LECTURE 4
3. Replace the 50 N force applied at B by a force-couple system acting at
‘A’.

50 mm
B
30˚

100 mm 50 N
4. For the configuration shown in the figure, resultant of the force system
acting on the frame passes through the point B and E as shown in the
figure. Find the values of F and M.
200N
A
200mm

B
F 175N
200mm
M 45˚
F 30˚
C E
200mm
200mm 200mm 200mm
300N
G
30˚
150N
5. Locate the resultant with respect to point C.
TUTORIAL 1

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6. A system of concurrent coplanar forces has six forces of which only five
forces are shown in the Figure. If the resultant force R = 100 kN is acting
horizontally towards left, obtain the unknown sixth force.
7. Locate the resultant of the force system shown in figure with respect to
‘A’.

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8. Determine the resultant of the force system as shown in figure. Locate its
intersection with base BC.
TUTORIAL (Additional)
1. Determine the resultant of force system comprising of four forces shown
in the figure.
2. Find magnitude, direction and position of the resultant force for the
system of forces shown in figure with respect to ‘O’.
3. Locate the resultant of the coplanar force system shown in figure with
respect to A
4. A bracket ABCD is subjected to a system of coplanar forces as shown in
the figure. Determine the magnitude of resultant and locate it w.r.t A.