NEWER INITIATIVES IN

SANITATION
MODERATOR : DR. G.K.INGLE
PRESENTER : DR. WARISHA MARIAM
 PLAN OF PRESENTATION
• SDG-6
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• BOOTLENECKS IN EARLIER INITIATIVES
• SWACCH BHARAT MISSION
• SBM-GRAMIN
• SBM-URBAN
• KAYAKALP
• AMRUT
• FSSM
• WASH – UNICEF
• CSR IN SANITATION
• CRITICAL REVIEW AND WAY FORWARD
 SANITATION- DEFINITION
• Sanitation generally refers to the provision of
facilities and services for the safe disposal of
human urine and faeces.
• The word 'sanitation' also refers to the
maintenance of hygienic conditions, through
services such as garbage collection and
wastewater disposal .
-Adapted from WHO
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
SDG SERVICE LADDER FOR SANITATION
 SDG 6.2
• SDG 6 envisions universal, sustainable, and equitable access to
safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene, and the elimination
of open defecation by 2030.
• By aiming for universal coverage while stressing the needs of
women and girls and those in vulnerable situations, these targets
go well beyond the MDG agenda, challenging all stakeholders to
redouble efforts and redefine programme strategies.
• SDG 6 also emphasizes the imperative of protecting and
efficiently managing water resources and the need to address
wastewater management.
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

FIG.1 : PROPORTION OF OPEN DEFECATION

IN REGIONS OF WORLD
FIG.2 : PROPORTION USE OF VARIOUS TYPE OF
LATRINES (2011 CENSUS)
 BACKGROUND
• The rural sanitation programme in India was introduced in the
year 1954 as a part of the First Five Year Plan of the Government
of India.

• The 1981 Census revealed rural sanitation coverage was only 1%

• The International Decade for Drinking water and Sanitation

during 1981-90, began giving emphasis on rural sanitation.

• Government of India introduced the Central Rural Sanitation

Programme (CRSP) in 1986 primarily with the objective of
improving the quality of life of the rural people.
• To generate awareness on sanitation, the first Nirmal Gram Puraskars (NGP)
were awarded to recognise the achievements and efforts made at the GP
level in ensuring full sanitation coverage and achieving other indicators of
open defecation free GPs.

• The ‘Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan’ (NBA), the successor programme of the TSC,
was launched from 1.4.2012 with the objective to accelerate the sanitation
coverage in the rural areas so as to comprehensively cover the rural
community through renewed strategies and saturation approach.

• Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) envisaged covering the entire community for
saturated outcomes with a view to create Nirmal Gram Panchayats.

• Under NBA, the Incentives for IHHLs were enhanced and further focussed
support was obtained from MNREGA.
• From 1999, a “demand driven” approach under the “Total

Sanitation Campaign” (TSC) emphasized more on

- Information, Education and Communication (IEC),
- Human Resource Development (HRD),
- Capacity Development
- Activities to increase awareness among the rural people and
generation of demand for sanitary facilities.

• Financial incentives were provided to Below Poverty Line (BPL)

households for construction and usage of individual household

latrines (IHHL) in recognition of their achievements.

 BOTTLENECKS
• Coordination between the various stakeholders was not facilitated by
Government agency for convergence, training and implementation.
• Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) at various administrative levels
along with beneficiaries
• No planning and preparation of effective IEC material with a proper
blending of social and technical knowledge for it becomes easier to
understand.
• Hand holding support of trainees after Training of Trainers (ToTs) is
required.
• PRI systems lack technical support i.e. engineers to design and construct
feasible toilets in the rural areas.
• The financial assistance given under NBA not in pace with the inflation to
meet out the expenditure on material and manpower required.
• Households that have benefitted once would not be eligible for any
further assistance. There is no involvement of private sector and issue of
local leadership.
• Convergence of MNREGA and NBA is insufficient to build a
complete walled toiled everywhere.
• Partial funding for Individual Household Latrines from
MNREGA.
• The behavioural practice of open defecation is yet another
concern which cannot be solved by mere building toilets.
• Dedicated human resource is not in place to promote and
monitor hygiene or sanitary practices anywhere in the country
in Government system.
• No NGO involvement
• Water and sanitation programmes operate in isolation from
programmes in health and education. This is a reflection of the
fact that water and sanitation is not pursued with the aim of
reducing disease, improving hygiene, improving educational
levels or reducing poverty.
 SWACHH BHARAT MISSION
• Achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put focus on safe sanitation,.
• Prime Minister of India launched the Swachh Bharat Mission on 2nd
October, 2014.
• The Mission Coordinator shall be
• Secretary, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS) with two
Sub-Missions,
 Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) and the
 Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban),
• Aims to achieve Swachh Bharat by 2019, as a fitting tribute to the 150th
Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.
• Improve the levels of cleanliness in rural areas through Solid and
Liquid Waste Management activities and

• making Gram Panchayats Open Defecation Free (ODF), clean and

sanitised.

• ODF would mean the termination of faecal-oral transmission,

defined by,
a) no visible faeces found in the environment/village
b) every household as well as public/community institution(s) using
safe technology option for disposal of faeces (defined by the
Ministry).
“ Jahan Soch Wahan Sauchalaya”
STATUS OF ODF FREE STATES
 SBM-G: OBJECTIVES
To achieve “Swachh Bharat” by 2019,
a) Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in
the rural areas, by
• promoting cleanliness, hygiene and
• eliminating open defecation
b) Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the
vision of Swachh Bharat by 2nd October 2019
c) Motivate communities and Panchayati Raj Institutions to
adopt sustainable sanitation practices and facilities through
• Awareness creation and
• health education
 d) Encourage cost effective and appropriate technologies for
ecologically safe and sustainable sanitation.
e) Develop, wherever required, community managed sanitation
systems focusing on scientific Solid & Liquid Waste
Management systems for overall cleanliness in the rural areas.
f) Create significant positive impact on gender and promote
social inclusion by improving sanitation especially in
marginalized communities.
 SBM-G: STRATEGY
• Move towards a ‘Swachh Bharat’ by making it a massive mass
movement
• Seeks to engage everyone in the task of cleaning homes,
work places, villages, cities and surroundings, in a collective
quest..
• The focus is to provide flexibility to State governments, as
sanitation is a State subject, to decide on their
implementation policy, use of funds and mechanisms, taking
into account State specific requirements.
• This is to enable States to develop an Implementation
Framework that can utilise the provisions under the Mission
effectively and maximize the impact of the interventions.
• The key elements of the Strategy include:
• Augmenting the institutional capacity of districts for
undertaking intensive behaviour change activities at the
grassroots level
• Strengthening the capacities of implementing agencies to roll
out the programme in a time-bound manner and to measure
collective outcome
• Incentivizing the performance of State level institutions to
implement behavioural change activities in communities
SBM-G: PLANNING PHASE
SBM-G: IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
SWACHHAGRAHIS
• dedicated, trained and properly incentivized sanitation
workforce at the village level.
• An army of ‘foot soldiers’ or ‘Swachhagrahis’, earlier known as
‘Swachhata Doots’
• engaged through existing arrangements like Panchayati Raj
Institutions, Co-operatives, ASHAs, Anganwadi workers,
Women Groups, Community Based Organisations, Self-Help
Groups, water line men/pump operators etc. who are already
working in the GPs, or
• through engaging Swachhagrahis specifically for the purpose.
• Qualifications for engagement as Swachhagrahis:
1. The individual must be a resident of the GPin which
she/he is being engaged and serve on a full time
basis.
2. She/he must have access to toilet and should not
be practicing open defecation.
3. She/he should possess good command over
local language/dialect.
• Each village shall have at least one Swachhagrahi.
• Preference shall be given to women candidates.
• GPs with more than two Swachhagrahis, shall
ensure there be at least one woman.
SBM- SUSTAINABILITY PHASE
 COMPONENTS
• 1. Start up Activities
• 2. IEC / BCC
• 3. Capacity Building
• 4. Construction of IHHLs
• 5. Availability of sanitary materials through Rural
Sanitary Marts (RSM), SHGs
• 6. Community Sanitary Complexes
• 7. Solid and Liquid Waste Management
• 8. Equity and Inclusion
• 9. Financing
PROPORTION OF HOUSEHOLDS HAVING TOILET
 MENSTRUAL HYGEINE MANAGEMENT
• SBM(G) is sensitive to menstrual hygiene needs of adolescent
girls and women.
• Public toilet design should ensure safe and private entrance to
women’s toilets, with ample lighting after evening hours.
• The location of the toilets should be decided through a
participatory process based on the feedback of users.
• The approach to the toilet should feel and be safe for women
and girls e.g. ensuring that there are no public gathering spots
on the path to the toilet where men gather socially.
• Adequate water and space inside the toilet should be ensured
for the women users to change napkins/cloth and to wash
themselves.
• Disposal bins with lids should be placed within the toilet, as
the initial point of waste collection.
• To avoid transport of menstrual waste, incinerators may be
built within the toilet.
• IEC plans should include MHM as a key component for raising
awareness among girls as well as boys, women as well as
men.
• SHGs may be engaged to inform the communities about safe
menstrual hygiene practices and develop economic models to
meet the demand for low-cost sanitary napkins.
• Schools must have segregated toilets that are kept open and
accessible during school hours, and have the above systems in
place for menstrual waste management.
• Counselling
 SBM- URBAN
• SBM (U) covers 4,041 statutory towns. At present 26.6 percent of the
population lives in Statutory towns (STs); out of this close to 8 million
households (HH) do not have access to toilets (Census, 2011).
• The overall target of the mission is to construct 1.04 crore units of
individual household toilets, 5.08 lakh units of community and public
toilets in urban areas .
 SBM- U OBJECTIVES

(1) elimination of open defecation;

(2) eradication of manual scavenging;
(3) modern and scientific municipal solid waste management;
(4) to effect behavioural change regarding healthy sanitation practices;
(5) generate awareness about sanitation and its linkage with public health;
(6) capacity augmentation for urban local bodies (ULBs); and
(7) to create an enabling environment for private sector participation in
CAPEX (capital expenditure) and OPEX (operation and maintenance).
 SBM- U COMPONENTS

• They are, provision of

(1) household toilets;
(2) community toilets;
(3) public toilets;
(4) solid waste management (SWM);
(5) information education and communication
(IEC) and public awareness; and
(6) capacity building
• SBM (U) receives 15 percent of the funding for
IEC to trigger behaviour change and generate
demand for sanitation. IEC plays a vital role in
the promotion of the importance of sanitation
and hygiene by highlighting its linkages with
public health.
• Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya is the
national campaign driving ‘Clean India: Clean
Schools’ to ensure every school in India has a
set of functioning and well maintained water,
sanitation and hygiene facilities and it refers
to a combination of technical and human
development components that are necessary
to develop appropriate health and hygiene
behaviors.
SBM-U: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
 For a Swachh Neighbourhood…
• 1. Door to door collection facility
• 2. Proper seggregation, collection and
transport
• WET- Green bag
• DRY- Blue bag
• Hazardous/ Infectious waste – Red bag
• E-waste – Black bag
• Inert – Brown bag
• 3. Fine for littering during social gathering
• 4. ban on use of polythene bags
• 5.Notification of charges for collection of
Construction and Demolition waste
• 6. Notification of prohibition on littering,
spitting, open urination , open defecation in
neighbourhood.
 KAYAKALP INITIATIVE
• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan launched
by Prime Minister on 2nd October
2014 focuses on ‘promoting
cleanliness in Public Spaces’

• Kayakalp- Clean Hospital Award for

Public Health Facilities Launched
by Union Health Minister on 15th
May 2015
 OBJECTIVES OF KAYAKALP INITIATIVE

• To promote cleanliness, hygiene and Infection

Control Practices
• To incentivize public healthcare facilities that show
exemplary performance in cleanliness and infection
control.
• To inculcate a culture of ongoing assessment to
sustain the same.
 AWARD SCHEME
• Kayakalp - Clean Hospital Award for Public Health Facilities
Launched on 15th of May 2015 by GOI to promote cleanliness in
Public Health Facilities.
• National level orientation of State level officers was done on
23rd June 2015 at New Delhi.
• Following this under the chairmanship of MD all ACMO-NHM,
Div. PM & DPM were oriented on 18th July 2015.
• Under the chairmanship of PS-MH & FW all CMOs, CMSs,
were oriented about the scheme on 1st August 2015.
• The scheme was rolled out in all 157 District level Hospitals.
 CRITERIA
• Following are the prerequisites for applying for
an award:
1. Constituted a Cleanliness and Infection Control
Committee.
2. Instituted a mechanism of periodic internal
assessment/peer assessment based on defined
criteria.
3. Achieved at least 70% score in the criteria
during the peer assessment process.
 Areas for the Assessment

Hospital Sanitation & Waste

upkeep Hygiene Management

Infection Support Hygiene

promotions
Control Services.
 BUDGET 2018 HIGHLIGHTS FOR SBM

• Swachh Bharat Mission faces 7 percent cut from previous year’s

revised estimate.
• Of the total allocation for the scheme, only 4 percent of funds
have been spent on information and education–below the
recommended 8-12 percent.
• The Budget for information, education and communication
activities under Swachh Bharat-Gramin (rural) is down 6 percent–
to Rs 300 crore in 2018-19 from Rs 318 crore in 2017-18.
• Little attention to education and changing attitudes means that at
least 522 million Indians still defecate in the open–leaving many
millions susceptible to disease and poverty.
ATAL MISSION FOR REJUVENATION AND
URBAN TRANSFORMATION
 OBJECTIVES
• (i) ensure that every household has access to a
tap with assured supply of water and a
sewerage connection;
• (ii) increase the amenity value of cities by
developing greenery and well maintained
open spaces (e.g. parks); and
• (iii) reduce pollution by switching to public
transport or constructing facilities for non-
motorized transport (e.g. walking and cycling
• The Mission will focus on the following Thrust Areas:
• i. Water Supply,
• ii. Sewerage facilities and septage management,
• iii. Storm Water drains to reduce flooding,
• iv. Pedestrian, non-motorized and public transport facilities,
parking spaces, and
• v. Enhancing amenity value of cities by creating and upgrading
green spaces, parks and recreation centers, especially for
children.
NATIONAL POLICY ON FECAL SLUDGE AND
SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT

STATUS OF SANITATION IN URBAN INDIA

 Issues Create Barriers To Regular Tank
Cleaning, And Septage Collection
• 1. Illegal manual scavenging
• 2. No/ limited access to tanks
• 3. Inappropriate tank sizing and design
• 4. Lack of infrastructure and a regulated
schedule for cleaning.
• 5. Lack of awareness
• 6. Limited technology
• 7. Lack of integrated city wide approach
• MoUD recognizes that the end objectives and
corresponding benefits of SBM cannot be
achieved without proper management of faecal
sludge and septage across the sanitation service
chain.
• Strategy which is a combination of OSS and off-
site (decentralised and centralised) must co-exist
in all cities and must be given equal attention.
• MoUD and a host of research and civil society
organisations jointly drafted and signed National
Declaration on Faecal sludge and Septage
management (FSSM) on 9th September, 2016.
 OBJECTIVES
• 1. Move India on the path of mainstreaming FSSM in urban India by the
year 2019, and ensure that all benefits of wide access to safe sanitation
accrue to all citizens across the sanitation value chain with containment,
extraction, transportation, treatment, and disposal / re-use f all faecal
sludge, septage and other liquid waste and their by-products and end-
products.
• 2. Suggest and identify ways and means, including the methods and
resources, towards creation of an enabling environment for realising safe
and sustainable FSSM in India.
• 3.. Define the roles and responsibilities of various government entities and
agencies, and of other key stakeholders such as the private sector, civil
society organisations and citizens for effectiveimplementation of FSSM
services throughout the country.
• 4. E nable and support synergies among relevant Central
Government programs such as SBM, AMRUT and the Smart
Cities Mission to realise safe and sustainable sanitation for all
at the earliest, possibly by the year 2019.
• 5. While not compromising the eventual compliance to the
strict environmental discharge standards already set,
recognising the constraints in achieving these standards,
adopt an appropriate, affordable and incremental approach
towards achieving these standards.
• 6. Mitigate gender-based sanitation insecurity directly related
to FSSM, reducing the experience of health burdens,
structural violence, and promote involvement of both genders
in the planning for and design of sanitation infrastructure.
 OUTCOMES
1. Containment of all human waste in 100% of the towns and cities

2. Safe collection and conveyance of human waste to treatment and

disposal sites

3. Cost-effective solution for management of human waste through

integrated network sewerage, small bore sewerage, and faecal sludge
and septage management.

4. Clarity among different stakeholders on identifying and implementing

best and economically viable sanitation solutions

5. Technical capability among ULBs to effectively implement FSSM

6. Scheduled emptying of septic tanks or other containment systems at an

interval of 2-3 years as recommended by CPHEEO Sewerage & Sewage
Treatment Manual and the MoUD Advisory on Septage Management
(2013).
7. Safe disposal of all collected faecal sludge and septage at designated
sites (sewage treatment plants, faecal sludge treatment facilities for
safe and scientific disposal, etc.)
8. Continuous improvements in efficiency and effectiveness in the entire
FSSM chain: containment, collection, conveyance, treatment and
disposal
9. Preventing Contamination of water bodies and groundwater from
human waste (faecal matter) in all the towns and cities across India
10. Maximum reuse of treated sludge as fertilizer in farmlands, parks,
gardens and other such avenues, reuse of treated sewage, as source
of energy where feasible, and any other productive uses.
11. Drastic reduction in incidences of diseases due to safe & sustainable
FSSM services.
 WASH - UNICEF
• In 2010 the United Nations General Assembly explicitly recognized water
and sanitation as human rights that are “essential for the full enjoyment of
life and all human rights”.

• Poor WASH is the main cause of faecally-transmitted infections (FTIs),

including cholera and diarrhoeal disease, which remains the second
leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under the age of
five,8 and the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa.

• Poor WASH is also strongly associated with malaria, polio and neglected
tropical diseases (NTDs) such as guinea worm, schistosomiasis, helminths
and trachoma that have a debilitating effect on children and their families.
• There is growing evidence that inadequate sanitation, water and washing
facilities act as barrier to children’s attendance and performance in
schools, especially for girls,14 and particularly for girls post-menarche
when their menstrual hygiene management (MHM) needs are not
addressed.
• Children with disabilities are denied access to a school education when
accessible WASH facilities are unavailable or inadequate.
• Girls and women are particularly affected by poor WASH including through
the loss of productive and leisure time from the drudgery of water hauling
and other WASH-related domestic labour; the exclusion from full
participation in schools due to the lack of WASH facilities; urinary tract
infections arising from delayed urination or reduced water intake to cope
with a lack of access to sanitation facilities; and the loss of dignity and
threat of sexual assault due to the lack of toilets, both in times of stability
and crisis.
• Due to its impact across multiple sectors, WASH is highly cost effective;
yielding on average, four dollars in benefits for every one dollar invested.
 WASH STRATEGY- OBJECTIVES
1. By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and
affordable drinking water for all;
2. By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation
and hygiene for all and end open defecation,
• paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and
those in vulnerable situations.
• These objectives align with the SDG 6 targets for drinking
water, sanitation and hygiene and will contribute to the
broader 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development that is
critical for children.
STRATEGY
WASH Contributions To Unicef’s Key Outcomes For
Children, Across Their Life
Life Course
• UNICEF aims to:
• eliminate open defecation by 2030, which involves
accelerating current rates of progress;
• improve the quality of sanitation programming to
ensure communities are investing in improved toilets
and can move up the ladder;
• strengthen sub-national capacities for effective
monitoring and verification processes;
• support innovations and business models on a large
scale.
CONTEXT-SPECIFIC SANITATION
PROGRAMMING RESPONSE
• UNICEF will focus on influencing hygiene behaviour
change in the four key areas of hand washing,
menstrual hygiene management (MHM), safe water
handling, and the safe disposal of excreta.
• Areas will be emphasized in programme design
based on evidence of their importance to the
health and well-being of children, women and
communities and on the fact that they are still
areas of weakness in national WASH programmes in
many countries.
PROMOTING HYGIENE THROUGH OTHER
SECTORS: TOUCHPOINTS ACROSS
THE LIFE COURSE
 WASH in EMERGENCY
• WASH is essential in public health emergencies both in terms of
contributing to the control of disease as well as ensuring continuous
service in communities and in HCFs.
• UNICEF will focus WASH efforts in public health emergencies in four key
ways:
• support the continuous delivery of WASH services where existing systems
are disrupted in order to prevent the spread of water-related diseases
such as cholera;
• contribute to efforts to control vectors like mosquitoes in order to prevent
Zika, dengue and other diseases;
• support health system response to outbreaks such as Ebola virus disease
by aiming to ensure adequate safe water and sanitation facilities;
• convene key sector partners to put in place coherent guidelines and a
coordinated approach to the WASH response in all major public health
emergencies
 SWACCH SAMMAAN
Sehat, Swacchata,Sammaan : Sculpturing Toilet
Options
Ready to install Low-cost Stone Swachh Sammaan Toilets
Cost of toilet covers transportations and installation
• initiator : CI Group
• product : Swachh Sammaan
• value : Each toilet costs Rs. 13,500
• organisation type : Private entity / Product
• coverage : Haryana & Rajasthan
• IEC Campaign: Swachhata Rath
• Awareness & promotional campaign to make communities
open defecation free.
• 3 tents: sehat (health), swacchata (cleanliness), and sammaan
(respect)
• Swacchata Raths - Toilets mounted on vehicles went from
village to village.
• IMPACT
• 400 toilets installed in Rajasthan.
• IEC campaign in 2,000 villages ofEastern
Rajasthan and 20 villages in Haryana.
• Covered 1.4 million people inHaryana and
Rajasthan.
SWACHH BHARAT, SWACHH VIDYALAYA:TCS
APPROACH by TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES (TCS)
• Began in 2014
• value : Rs. 100 Crore
• organisation type : CSR
• coverage : covers 1,433 government schools in
AndhraPradesh, Telangana and Bihar
• Identified high priority district, block and villages with
dysfunctional toilets or no/inadequate toilets for girls
in schools.
• Constructed sanitation facilities for girl students in
1,433 government schools
CRITICAL REVIEW AND WAY FORWARD
• SBM is one of the flagship program of the government which has
received all attention from media and society.
• Cleanliness for the first time became a national issue.
• One of the key ingredient of swachh bharat mission was to discourage
open defecation and building toilets, this has been quite successful.
• Only building toilets will not solve the problem until an integrated
plan is formulated to have better sewage system and modern waste
disposal techniques.
• Many manhole cleaning sewage cleaners loose their lives , SBM is not
complete without securing their rights.
• Lack of scientific approach be it waste collection & its
disposal, Bio energy plants to convert waste to energy ,
modern sewage design system etc is still a challenge.
• Should include the sanitation worker, quest for more modern
methods & technology & most importantly ensure
community's participation in the endeavour.
 REFERENCES
• Swacch Bharat guidelines GOI pdf
• Swacch Bharat Industry pdf
• Kayakalp initiative updated GOI pdf
• UNICEF WASH 2016 – 2030 strategy
• World Bank webpage
• JMP 2015
• AMRUT guidelines pdf
THANK YOU