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Crude Drug Belonging To Family Solanaceae

The document provides detailed information on three crude drugs from the Solanaceae family: Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, and Stramonium, including their sources, cultivation methods, descriptions, constituents, and uses. Each drug is characterized by its specific alkaloids and medicinal properties, such as acting as a sedative or treating respiratory conditions. The document also outlines the geographical distribution and preparation processes for these plants.

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Shahmir Khan
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23 views36 pages

Crude Drug Belonging To Family Solanaceae

The document provides detailed information on three crude drugs from the Solanaceae family: Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, and Stramonium, including their sources, cultivation methods, descriptions, constituents, and uses. Each drug is characterized by its specific alkaloids and medicinal properties, such as acting as a sedative or treating respiratory conditions. The document also outlines the geographical distribution and preparation processes for these plants.

Uploaded by

Shahmir Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Crude Drug Belonging To

Family Solanaceae
(Tropane Alkaloids)
(C8H15N)
• Belladonna
• Hyoscyamus
• Stramonium
Belladonn
a

Hyoscymi
Hyoscine
ne

Atropine
Source
 Dried leaves &
flowering or fruiting
tops of Atropa
belladonna Linn.
 Perennial herb of
about 2 m height
Synonyms
 Deadly nightshade
(English)
 Belladonna
 Luffah (Urdu)
 Suchi (Urdu)
Distribution
 Indigenous to
central &
southern
Europe & Asia
Minor
 Cultivated in
sunny locations
in England,
Germany, India
& USA
Cultivation, Collection and Preparation
 Grown from the seeds
 Seeds are obtained by two methods:
 Crushing berries → fermentation for ~3 days →
washing with water
 Drying fruits for 15-30 days → broken between
fingers → pass
through sieve → retain pulp
 Seeds are sown by two methods
 Directly sown in field in spring
 Germinated in frames in Jan or Feb & plants set out in
field in April
 Seedlings spaced about 45 cm apart in
September
 First collection is made by cutting off entire
tops of plants
 Plants are thinned out to 1 m apart
 Collection in May, first flower then leaves.
 Collection – cutting plants ~8 cm above soil
 Fresh stems – 2nd crop in mid August –
richest in alkaloids
 In favorable season 3rd crop in October
 3rd year – similar good crops
 End of 3rd year, roots ploughed up,
collected, washed &
dried
 Plants may be allowed to remain for a 4th
year
 Reaping - with scythe
 Farmyard manure
 Superphosphate & nitrate of K or Na
 Leaves removed from stems over 5 mm in
diameter (stem discarded).
 Leaves + smaller stems + flowers → drying at 40-
Description

 Drug consists of leaves & smaller


 stems along with flowers & fruits

 Leaves are dull-green or yellowish-green


 Upper side darker than lower
 Each has petiolate ~0.5-4 cm long

 Lamina broadly ovate, ~ 5-25 cm long & 2.5-12 cm wide


 Margin entire & apex acuminate

 Flowers 2.5-3.5 cm long & 1-1.4 cm wide with curved pedicel


 Corolla is campanulate ( bell shaped) & purple when fresh, brownish
when dry

 Young fruits – sub-spherical, green (fresh), 3-10mm in dia,


 Ripe – succulent, sub-spherical, purplish-black & ~2cm in dia
 Berry is bilocular & contains numerous seeds

 Seeds yellowish brown, ~ 1.7 x 1.5 x 1.0 mm oblong-reniform


(kidney shaped)
Constituents
 0.3-0.6% of alkaloids ( Tropane
Alkaloids).
 Hyoscyamine - major alkaloid
 Small amounts of hyoscine
(scopalamine) also present
 Older leaves contain atropine (5-40% of
the total alkaloid)
 Volatile bases pyridine, N-
methylpyrroline, N- methylpyrrolidine
& diamine
 A florescent substance, β-
methylaesculetin & calcium oxalate
USES
 Acts as a sympatholytic agent
 Anticholinergic & control excess
activity of GIT & spasm of UT
 Externally acts as local
anesthetic & anodyne & used
to relieve pain
 Internally, as sedative &
relieve spasmodic cough
Hyoscyamus
Source
 Dried leaves +/- flowering or
fruiting tops of Hyoscyamus niger
Linn.
 Annual or biennial herb
Synonyms

• Henbane
• Bazarbang
• Ajwain-i-
Khurasani
(Urdu)
Distribution
 Indigenous to Europe, western
Asia & northern Africa
 Cultivated in Russia, Belgium,
England, Germany, USA & Canada
Cultivation, Collection and Preparation

 Grown from the seeds


 Seeds sown in field in June or July in rows ~75 cm apart
 Plants are thinned out to 50 cm apart in rows
 Rosette of leaves formed & from each, several leaves
collected
 Central bud is left to stand in the winter
 In next season, bud grows out & form a large plant of
~ 1m , with 3 or 4 main stems which bear flowers in
racemes (elongate cluster of flowers)
 In Aug & Sep, flowering tops cut off
 Dried at 40-50°C in artificially heated shed
 Small patch of plants reserved to yield seeds for
future crops
Description
 Commercial drug – leaves or leaves +
flowering tops & smaller stem
 Leaves – more or less broken, grayish-
green, hairy & broad midrib
 Clammy (Unpleasantly cool and humid) if not dried
due to secretions by glandular hairs
 Stems also very hairy
 Flowers – compressed or broken
 Color: Yellowish corollas with purple
veins
 Odor: Characteristic, heavy
 Taste : bitter, slightly acrid
Constituents
 Leaves –
0.045- 0.14%
alkaloids
 Principal
alkaloids
Hyoscyami
ne and
hyoscine
 Atropine
also
reported
Uses

 Action resemble belladonna &


stramonium but weaker
 Used as a central & spinal sedative
 Given in insomnia when opium
cannot be given
 Also relieves griping caused by
drastic purgatives
Stramonium
Source
 Dried leaves + flowering tops of
Datura stramonium Linn + D. tatula
Linn
 Both these plants are annual &
closely similar
 D. stramonium – white flowers &
green stems
 D. tatula – purple flowers & purple
tint to stem & larger veins of
leaves
Synonyms
 Daturo (Local)
 Datura,
dhatoora,
qunain,
 tukhm
dhatura
safaid
(Urdu)
 Thorn
Apple
Distribution
 Indigenous to
shores of the
Caspian Sea
 Now common
throughout Europe, Asia, America & S.
Africa.
 Weed in waste places, roads edges &
rubbish heaps in warmer areas
 Cultivated in Southern England,
Cultivation and Collection
 Seeds sown thinly in May on calcareous
soil in rows 1 m apart
 Plants thinned out to ~60 cm apart
 Abundant farmyard manure
 In August, plants of 1 m height & bear
flowers & young fruits
 Plants die off in October
 1st collection of lower leaves in July
 Main collection of upper flowering stem
at end of August
 Drug is dried 45-50°C for ~48 h.
Description
 Drug consists of dark greyish-green,
shriveled (lost of moisture) & twisted mass of
leaves, flowers, fruits & slender stems
(not exceeding 5 mm in dia)
 Leaves – petioles ~1/4 – 1/3 the length of
lamina
 Lamina
 Ovate
 ~10-20 cm long
 6-15 cm wide
dentately lobed
+ few small
irregular
dentations on
 secondary veins are 3-5 on each side of the midrib
 leave midrib at ~45° & run into acute apices (apex) of
lobes
 Shrunken stem are:
 curved & twisted
 longitudinally grooved
 numerous curved transverse & longitudinal wrinkles
 Flowers & young fruits attached by short pedicels to stem
 Flowers:
 ~8 cm long
 5 mm wide
 shriveled, tabular calyx~ 3 cm long
 pale brown shriveled corolla
 Fruits:
 usually immature
 5-10 mm long
 conical
 Transversely cut surface of the slender stem shows:
 large solid pith
 surrounded by a whitish xylem ~1 mm wide
 very narrow bark
 Odour:
 disagreeable & characteristic
 Taste:
 unpleasantly bitter
Constituents
 Alkaloids hyocyamine
(0.2-0.7%)
 Atropine reported
(probably forms from
hyocyamine during
extraction)
 Daturine – mixture of
alkaloids isolated
from this drug
Uses
 Resembles belladonna
in action
 Used in treatment of
Asthma, Bronchitis,
(dilate the airways).

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