UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PESHAWAR

CE-112: Engineering Drawing for Civil Engineers

MODULE 5

Engineering Curves

Chapter 6. Engineering Drawing – N D Bhatt

Engr. Nangyaley Khan

 ENGINEERING CURVES

 Circle

 Ellipse
Conic sections
 Parabola

 Hyperbola
 CONIC SECTIONS
ELLIPSE, PARABOLA AND HYPERBOLA ARE CALLED CONIC SECTIONS
BECAUSE
THESE CURVES APPEAR ON THE SURFACE OF A CONE
WHEN IT IS CUT BY SOME TYPICAL CUTTING PLANES.

OBSERVE
ILLUSTRATIONS
GIVEN BELOW..

Ellipse

Section Plane

ola
Section Plane
Through Generators Hyperbola
rab
Pa Parallel to Axis.

Section Plane Parallel

to end generator.
COMMON DEFINITION OF ELLIPSE, PARABOLA & HYPERBOLA:

These are the loci of points moving in a plane such that the ratio of it’s distances
from a fixed point And a fixed line always remains constant.
The Ratio is called ECCENTRICITY. (E)
A) For Ellipse E<1
B) For Parabola E=1
C) For Hyperbola E>1

SECOND DEFINATION OF AN ELLIPSE:-

It is a locus of a point moving in a plane
such that the SUM of it’s distances from TWO fixed points
always remains constant.
{And this sum equals to the length of major axis.}
These TWO fixed points are FOCUS 1 & FOCUS 2
 ELLIPSE
(Eccentricity < 1)
A Co Vertex A’
Directrix Directrix
D

Vertex Focus Focus Vertex

C C’
V F O F’ V’

Major axis Minor axis

Co Vertex
B B’
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒂 𝒇𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 ( 𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒔 )
𝑬 𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒂 𝒇𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆( 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 )
 ELLIPSE
(Eccentricity < 1)

A 𝑭𝑯 A’
𝑬 𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝑯𝑮
D

H s Ha
Axi lf
r M
jo aj
G a or
fl M Ax
Ha is

C C’
V F O F’ V’

E
Half Major Axis
B B’
 PARABOLA
(Eccentricity = 1)
A

E
D 𝑭𝑬
𝑬 𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝑬𝑫

C
V F

Directrix

B
 HYPERBOLA
(Eccentricity > 1)
A

E
D 𝑭𝑬
𝑬 𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝑬𝑫

C
V F

Directrix

B
 ENGINEERING CURVES

LLIPSE PARABOLA HYPERBOLA

Concentric Circle Method 1.Rectangle Method 1.Rectangular Hyperbola

(coordinates given)
Rectangle Method 2.Basic Locus Method
(Directrix – focus) 2 Rectangular Hyperbola
Basic Locus Method (P-V diagram - Equation given)
Directrix – focus)
3.Basic Locus Method
(Directrix – focus)
 Problem 1 :-
Draw ellipse by concentric circle method. ELLIPSE
Take major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm long. BY CONCENTRIC CIRCLE METHOD

3
Steps: 2 4
1. Draw both axes as perpendicular bisectors
of each other & name their ends as shown. C
2. Taking their intersecting point as a center,
draw two concentric circles considering both 1 5
3
2 4
as respective diameters.
3. Divide both circles in 12 equal parts & 1 5
name as shown.
4. From all points of outer circle draw vertical
A B
lines downwards and upwards respectively.
5.From all points of inner circle draw
horizontal lines to intersect those vertical 10 6
lines.
6. Mark all intersecting points properly as 10 9 7 6
those are the points on ellipse. 8
7. Join all these points along with the ends of D
both axes in smooth possible curve. It is
required ellipse. 9 7
8
Steps:
1 Draw a rectangle taking major
and minor axes as sides. ELLIPSE
2. In this rectangle draw both BY RECTANGLE METHOD
axes as perpendicular bisectors
of each other..
3. For construction, select upper
left part of rectangle. Divide Problem 2
vertical small side and horizontal Draw ellipse by Rectangle method.
long side into same number of Take major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm long.
equal parts.( here divided in four
parts)
4. Name those as shown..
D 4
5. Now join all vertical points 4
1,2,3,4, to the upper end of minor
axis. And all horizontal points 3 3
i.e.1,2,3,4 to the lower end of
2 2
minor axis.
6. Then extend C-1 line upto D-1 1 1
and mark that point. Similarly
extend C-2, C-3, C-4 lines up to
D-2, D-3, & D-4 lines.
A 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 B
7. Mark all these points properly
and join all along with ends A
and D in smooth possible curve.
Do similar construction in right
side part.along with lower half of
the rectangle.Join all points in
smooth curve.
It is required ellipse.
C
PROBLEM 3:- POINT F IS 50 MM FROM A LINE AB.A POINT P IS MOVING IN A PLANE
SUCH THAT THE RATIO OF IT’S DISTANCES FROM F AND LINE AB REMAINS CONSTANT
AND EQUALS TO 2/3 DRAW LOCUS OF POINT P. (draw the curve) { ECCENTRICITY = 2/3 }
ELLIPSE
DIRECTRIX-FOCUS METHOD
STEPS: ELLIPSE
1 .Draw a vertical line AB and point F A
50 mm from it.

DIRECTRIX
2 .Divide 50 mm distance in 5 parts.
3 .Name 2nd part from F as V. It is 20mm
and 30mm from F and AB line resp. 45mm
It is first point giving ratio of it’s
distances from F and AB 2/3 i.e 20/30

3 0 mm
4 Form more points giving same ratio such
as 30/45, 40/60, 50/75 etc.
5.Taking 45,60 and 75mm distances from
line AB, draw three vertical lines to the (vertex) V
right side of it. F ( focus)
6. Now with 30, 40 and 50mm distances in
compass cut these lines above and below,
with F as center.
7. Join these points through V in smooth
curve.
This is required locus of P.It is an ELLIPSE.

B
PROBLEM 4: A BALL THROWN IN AIR ATTAINS 100 M HIEGHT
AND COVERS HORIZONTAL DISTANCE 150 M ON GROUND. PARABOLA
Draw the path of the ball (projectile)- RECTANGLE METHOD

STEPS: 6 6
1.Draw rectangle of above size and
divide it in two equal vertical parts
2.Consider left part for construction. 5 5
Divide height and length in equal
number of parts and name those
1,2,3,4,5& 6 4 4
3.Join vertical 1,2,3,4,5 & 6 to the
top center of rectangle
4.Similarly draw upward vertical
3 3
lines from horizontal1,2,3,4,5
And wherever these lines intersect
previously drawn inclined lines in
sequence Mark those points and 2 2
further join in smooth possible curve.
5.Repeat the construction on right side
rectangle also.Join all in sequence. 1 1
This locus is Parabola.
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
PROBLEM 5: Point F is 50 mm from a vertical straight line AB.
Draw locus of point P, moving in a plane such that
PARABOLA
it always remains equidistant from point F and line AB.
DIRECTRIX-FOCUS METHOD
SOLUTION STEPS:
1.Locate center of line, perpendicular to PARABOLA
AB from point F. This will be initial
point V. A
2.Mark 5 mm distance to its right side,
name those points 1,2,3,4 and from those
draw lines parallel to AB.
3.Mark 5 mm distance to its left of V and
name it 1.
4.Take F-1’ distance as radius and F as
center draw an arc (VERTEX) V
cutting first parallel line to AB. Name
upper point P1 and lower point P2. 1 2 3 4
F
4’ 3’ 2’ 1’
5.Similarly repeat this process by taking ( focus)
again 5mm to right and left and locate
P3 P4 .
6.Join all these points in smooth curve.

It will be the locus of P equidistance

from line AB and fixed point F.
B
PROBLEM 6:- POINT F IS 50 MM FROM A LINE AB.
A POINT P IS MOVING IN A PLANE SUCH THAT THE RATIO
OF IT’S DISTANCES FROM F AND LINE AB REMAINS
CONSTANT AND EQUALS TO 3/2 A HYPERBOLA
DRAW LOCUS OF POINT P. { ECCENTRICITY = 3/2 }
DIRECTRIX
30mm FOCUS METHOD
STEPS:
1 .Draw a vertical line AB and point F

45m
50 mm from it.

m
2 .Divide 50 mm distance in 5 parts.
3 .Name 3rd part from F as V. It is 30 mm
and 20 mm from F and AB line resp. (vertex) F ( focus)
It is first point giving ratio of it’s V
distances from F and AB = 3/2 i.e 30/20
4 Form more points giving same ratio such
as 45/30, 60/40, 75/50 etc.
5.Taking 30. 40 and 50 mm distances from
line AB, draw three vertical lines to the
right side of it.
6. Now with 45, 60 and 75 mm distances in
compass cut these lines above and
below, with F as center.
7. Join these points through V in smooth
curve.
B
This is required locus of P. It is Hyperbola.
 ELLIPSE
TANGENT & NORMAL
ELLIPSE
A
Problem 7:

DIRECTRIX
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE
T
FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q )

1.JOIN POINT Q TO F. (vertex) V

2.CONSTRUCT 90 ANGLE WITH F ( focus)
THIS LINE AT POINT F
900
3.EXTEND THE LINE TO MEET DIRECTRIX N
AT T
4. JOIN THIS POINT TO Q AND EXTEND. THIS IS
TANGENT TO ELLIPSE FROM Q
5.TO THIS TANGENT DRAW PERPENDICULAR
LINE FROM Q. IT IS NORMAL TO CURVE. Q
N

T
 PARABOLA
TANGENT & NORMAL
T PARABOLA
Problem 8:
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL A
TO THE CURVE
FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q )

1.JOIN POINT Q TO F.
2.CONSTRUCT 900 ANGLE WITH
THIS LINE AT POINT F VERTEX V F
3.EXTEND THE LINE TO MEET DIRECTRIX 900
AT T ( focus)
4. JOIN THIS POINT TO Q AND EXTEND. THIS IS
TANGENT TO THE CURVE FROM Q
N
5.TO THIS TANGENT DRAW PERPENDICULAR
LINE FROM Q. IT IS NORMAL TO CURVE.

Q
B N

T
 HYPERBOLA
TANGENT & NORMAL
Problem 9 A
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE
FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q )

1.JOIN POINT Q TO F.
2.CONSTRUCT 900 ANGLE WITH THIS LINE AT (vertex)
V
F ( focus)
POINT F 900
3.EXTEND THE LINE TO MEET DIRECTRIX AT T
4. JOIN THIS POINT TO Q AND EXTEND. THIS IS N
TANGENT TO CURVE FROM Q
5.TO THIS TANGENT DRAW PERPENDICULAR
LINE FROM Q. IT IS NORMAL TO CURVE.

N Q