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acid and base

The document provides an overview of acids and bases, including definitions, properties, and the pH scale. It explains the Brønsted–Lowry theory, which classifies acids as H+ donors and bases as H+ acceptors, and discusses the concept of conjugate acid-base pairs. Additionally, it covers calculations for pH and pOH, along with examples and practice problems.

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monaramos1629
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3 views

acid and base

The document provides an overview of acids and bases, including definitions, properties, and the pH scale. It explains the Brønsted–Lowry theory, which classifies acids as H+ donors and bases as H+ acceptors, and discusses the concept of conjugate acid-base pairs. Additionally, it covers calculations for pH and pOH, along with examples and practice problems.

Uploaded by

monaramos1629
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ACIDS AND

BASES
 Explain the pH scale in terms of
I Can … hydrogen ion concentration
 Explain the pH scale in terms of
hydroxide ion concentration
 Explain the pH scale in terms of acidity
 Explain the pH scale in terms of
basicity

2
An acid is…

 An aqueous solution that has H+ ions.


 The more H+ ions, the more acidic the
solution.
 Examples of acids: HCl (H+ and Cl-),
HNO3 (H+ and NO3-)

3
Properties of an Acid

 Tastes Sour
 Corrosive
 Turns blue litmus
paper red

Picture from BBC Revision Bites


http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/science/chemistry/acids_b
ases_1.shtml
4
Some Common Acids
 Vinegar
 Citrus fruits (lemons,
limes, & oranges
 Ascorbic acid =
Vitamin C which your
body needs to
function.
 Car batteries

5
A Base is ..
 An aqueous solution
that has OH- ions.
 Base = alkaline
 Examples of Bases:
NaOH (Na+ and OH-),
Ca(OH)2 (Ca+2 and
OH-)

6
Properties of Bases
 Feel Slippery
 Taste Bitter
 Corrosive
 Turns red litmus
paper blue.

7
pH Scale
 pH is a measure of how acidic
or basic a solution is.
• Ranges from 0 to 14.
 Acidic solutions - pH below 7
 pH of 7 is neutral.
• Pure water has a pH of 7
• Basic solutions - pH above 7.

8
pH scale
P= power of H = Hydrogen
Ranges from 0-14

measures H+ concentration [H+]

the more H+, the more acidic the solution


Every Acidic/Basic solution contains
H+ and OH-
• For acids H+1 > OH-1
• For bases OH-1 > H+1
• when [H+] = [OH-] the substance is neutral

so we can actually measure pH and pOH


pH + pOH =14
• Logarithmic scale (based on
powers of 10)

• each decrease of one unit of pH


represents a 10x increase in H+
concentration
– Ex: pH 4 is ten times more
acidic then pH 5
– Ex: pH 10 is ten times more
basic then pH 9
Try to remember: The lower the pH, the higher the
concentration of H+ ions
Calculating pH
• pH=-log [H+]
– [H+] = concentration

– Ex. 0.01M HCl has a pH of?


• This means you have .01 moles of H+
and .01 moles of Cl- per every 1 L
• pH = -log(0.01)
• pH=2

We are going to
learn an easier
way!
Because it’s based on powers of 10 there is a trick
10-x where x = pH

• If molarity of acid is .001M =10-3 pH = 3


• If molarity of acid is .00001M = 10-5 pH = 5
• Now you are looking at OH- ions instead of H+
– ONLY CAN CALC pOH
• pOH=-log [OH-] or our trick 10-x where x =
pOH

pH + pOH = 14

pH of a base – So 14 – pOH = pH

– Ex. 0.01M NaOH has a pH of?


• This means you have .01 moles of OH-
and .01 moles of Na+ per every 1 L
– pOH=2
• pH = 14-2 = 12
Because it’s based on powers of 10 there is a trick
• If molarity of base is .001M = 10-3 pOH = 3
pH
14-3 = 11
• If molarity of base is .00001M = 10-5 pOH = 5

pH 14-5 = 9
•If pH = 4

• [H+1] = ? 1 x 10-4 M

pH + pOH = 14
• pOH = ? 4 + X = 14
X =10

• [OH ] = ?
-1 1x10-10 M = [OH-1]
• If the [OH-1] = 1 X 10-3 M

• pOH = ? pOH = 3

• pH = ? pH + pOH = 14
X + 3 = 14
X = 11

• [H ] = ?
+1 1x10-11 M
• If the [H+1] = 1 x 10-5 M

• The pH = ? =5

• The pOH = ? pH + pOH =14


5+x =14
X=9
1x10-9M
• The [OH ] = ?
-
Calc pH for
• .01M HCl
10-2 = 2 so pH = 2

• .01M NaOH
10-2 = 2 so pOH = 2

14-2 – 12
pH=12
Using a scientific calculator
(The brackets [ ] mean
concentration or Molarity)
Example: If [H+] = 1.00 X 10-
10
M, what is the pH?
pH = - log (1 X 10-10)
pH = 10.0
Example: If [OH-] = 1.80 X
10-5 M ,what is the pOH?
pOH = - log 1.80 X 10-5
pOH = 4.74
• For simplicity you will use 3
significant figures for pH,
pOH, [H+] and [OH-]
calculations (watch the video
below)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UiK37I159fc
Item pH H+ OH- pOH­­ Acidic or
basic
1-3. 3 Acidic

4-7. 1x10-10

8-11. 5x10-11

12-15. 11.5

pH, pOH, [H+] and [OH-]


Asynchronous calculations
activity
Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases

According to the Brønsted–Lowry theory,


• an acid is a substance that donates H+.
• a base is a substance that accepts H+.

Learning Goal Identify conjugate acid–base pairs for Brønsted–


NH3, a Brønsted–Lowry Base

In the reaction of ammonia and water,


• NH3 acts as the base that accepts H+.
• H2O acts as the acid that donates H+.

Because the nitrogen atom of NH has a stronger attraction


Study Check

In each of the following equations, identify the Brønsted–Lowry


acid and base in the reactants:

A. HNO3(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + NO3−(aq)

B. HF(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+ (aq) + F−(aq)


Solution

In each of the following equations, identify the Brønsted–


Lowry acid and base in the reactants:

A. HNO3(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + NO3−(aq)


Acid Base

B. HF(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+ (aq) + F−(aq)


Acid Base
Study Check

Identify each as a characteristic of


A. an acid or B. a base.

____ 1. has a sour taste


____ 2. produces OH− in aqueous solutions
____ 3. has a chalky taste
____ 4. is an electrolyte
____ 5. produces H+ in aqueous solutions
Solution

Identify each as a characteristic of


A. an acid or B. a base.

A 1. has a sour taste


B 2. produces OH− in aqueous solutions
B 3. has a chalky taste
A, B 4. is an electrolyte
A 5. produces H+ in aqueous solutions
Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs

In any acid–base reaction, there are two conjugate acid–


base pairs.
• Each pair is related by the loss and gain of H+.
• One pair occurs in the forward direction.
• One pair occurs in the reverse direction.
Acid and conjugate base pair 1

HA + B A− + BH+

Base and conjugate acid pair 2


Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs

In this acid–base reaction,


• the first conjugate acid–base pair is HF, which donates H+ to
form its conjugate base, F−.
• the other conjugate acid–base pair is H2O, which accepts H+
to form its conjugate acid, H3O+.
• each pair is related by a loss and gain of H+.
Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs

In the reaction of NH3 and H2O,


• one conjugate acid–base pair is NH3/NH4+.
• the other conjugate acid–base pair is H2O/H3O+.

Core Chemistry Skill Identifying Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs


Study Check

1. Write the conjugate base for each of the following acids:


A. HBr
B. H2S
C. H2CO3

2. Write the conjugate acid of each of the following bases:


A. NO2−
B. NH3
C. OH−
Solution

1. Write the conjugate base for each of the following acids:


A. HBr H+ + Br−
B. H2S H+ + HS−
C. H2CO3 H+ + HCO3−

2. Write the conjugate acid of each of the following bases:


(Add an H+ to each base to get the conjugate acid.)
A. NO2− + H+ HNO2
B. NH3 + H+ NH4+
C. OH− + H+ H2O
Study Check

Identify the sets that contain acid–base conjugate pairs.


1. HNO2, NO2−
2. H2CO3, CO32−
3. HCl, ClO4−
4. HS−, H2S
5. NH3, NH4+
Solution

Identify the sets that contain acid–base conjugate pairs.


1. HNO2, NO2− acid, conjugate base
2. H2CO3, CO32− not acid–base conjugate pair
3. HCl, ClO4− not acid–base conjugate pair
4. HS−, H2S base, conjugate acid
5. NH3, NH4+ base, conjugate acid
Amphoteric Substances

Substances that can act as both acids and bases are amphoteric or
amphiprotic.

For water, the most common amphoteric substance, the acidic or


basic behavior depends on the other reactant.
• Water donates H+ when it reacts with a stronger base.
• Water accepts H+ when it reacts with a stronger acid.
Guide to Writing Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs
Study Check

Identify the conjugate acid–base pairs in the following reaction:


HNO3(aq) + NH3(aq) NO3−(aq) + NH4+(aq)
Solution

Identify the conjugate acid–base pairs in the following reaction:


HNO3(aq) + NH3(aq) NO3−(aq) + NH4+(aq)

STEP 1 Identify the reactant that loses H+ as the acid.


In the reaction, HNO3 donates H+ to NH3.
STEP 2 Identify the reactant that gains H+ as the base.
In the reaction, NH3 gains H+ to form NH4+. Thus,
• NH3 is the base and NH4+ is its conjugate acid.
• HBr is the acid and Br− is its conjugate base.
Solution

Identify the conjugate acid–base pairs in the following


reaction:
HNO3(aq) + NH3(aq) NO3−(aq) + NH4+(aq)

STEP 3 Write the conjugate acid–base pairs.


HBr/Br− is the acid and conjugate base pair.
NH3/NH4+ is the base and conjugate acid pair.
References
• https://www.boyertownasd.org/cms/lib/PA01916192/Centricit
y/Domain/639/Chapter%2019%20Acids%20and%20bases%20p
pt%20Glembocki%202017.pptx
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UiK37I159fc

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