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3 views

F24-ComputerEssentials-Lecture1

Uploaded by

awiiinzyad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Essentials

Dr. Fryad M. Rashid


Lecture #1
Rules of my class
Welcome to Communications Engineering Dept/TCE/SPU. This is a new chapter in your life.

I have some notes before we get started it.


1) Introduce myself.
2) Communication media between me and you in the class is the English Language.
3) I will take attendance every class. Regarding lateness for 8:30 AM section1 only (10
minutes) allowed. After that, I don’t let you in. FYI: 3 lateness is going to be 1 day
absent.
4) If you want to go to outside of the class to answer the urgent phone calls, take pills,
smoke cigarettes…etc, ask me to give you permission to leave the class. That would be
much nicer from you. Don’t go directly!! You’re not in the cafeteria! Remember you’re
in the class though.
Rules of my class
Meeting Class Time: 4ECTS Computer Essentials – is an introductory
course.

S1:Thursday (8:30-11:30) AM at Computer Lab1


S2:Thursday (11:30 AM – 4:30 PM) at Computer Lab2

I am using “Google Classroom” to upload the lectures, announcement,


assignments, labs, activities,…etc.
Assistant Instructors
• Mr. Ahmed Ramadhan, MSc in CS
• Mr. Dara Muhammad, BSc in CS&ST
Tell Me
1) Why you are here
2) Why do you want to take this course

At the end you will be


Communications Engineer
How telecom companies hire
communications engineer?
• They are asking you about your computer skills, English Languages
and then Knowledge of Communications Engineering.
Required skills for communications
engineer
• I spent 10 years in my life at the Telecom Companies. So, I know what
you need before you graduate. Based on that experience, I advice you
to obtain the following skills in advance:
1) Computer Skills: Try to learn deal with different operating systems
such as Unix, Linux, AIX, Windows…etc. Also, try to learn software
applications and tools in it.
2) English language: Try your best to learn other languages.
3) Knowledge of your program: How many of you asked about the
courses that you will take within 4 years. What are those specialties
that you will take in it? Then, it allows you to work in that area!
What are the key of this course?
• If you know that how I think, then you will know that how I am asking
questions. This allows you to get the high score in the course.

• Try to understand …Don’t memorize!


S1 & S2: Join to my class: Google
Classroom
See Your Classwork
Lecture One
Talking about Syllabus
Outline
• General Computer Structure
• Computer Hardware
• Computer Software
• Storage Disk
• Memory
• CPU
• Turn ON and Turn OFF Mechanism
• Files and Units
General Structure of Computer
Computer Hardware
Computer Hardware : It refers to the physical
components of a computer system that you
can see and touch. For example, mother
board components such as HDD, RAM, ROM,
CPU, Graphic Card, Sound Card, LAN Card, …
etc (Device Manager)

Identify input and output devices such as


keyboard(i), printer(o), mouse(i), monitor(o)
and so on.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• A Central Processing Unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main
processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry that
executes instructions comprising a computer program. The CPU
performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O)
operations specified by the instructions in the program.

• It’s a “brain” of computer and measured by Hertz (Hz)


Why CPU measured by Hz?
• The measurement of CPU speed in hertz (Hz) relates to the number of cycles
per second that the CPU can perform.

• Hertz (Hz) is the unit of frequency that measures cycles per second. In the
context of CPUs, it indicates how many processing cycles the CPU can
complete in one second.
Why 1
second?
• 1 GHz (gigahertz) = 1 billion cycles per second.

• Number of Cores: More cores allow for better multitasking and parallel
processing.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of volatile memory used in
computers and other devices to temporarily store data that is actively
being used or processed. Unlike permanent storage (such as hard
drives or SSDs), data in RAM is lost when the power is turned off.
Key Features of RAM
• Volatility:
• RAM is volatile memory, meaning it loses all stored information when the power Why?
is turned off. This is different from non-volatile memory like hard drives or flash
storage, which retains data even when powered down.
• Speed:
• This speed allows the CPU to quickly read from and write to RAM, facilitating
efficient data processing and multitasking.
• Capacity:
• RAM is available in various sizes, typically ranging from a few gigabytes (GB) to
several terabytes (TB) in high-performance systems. The amount of RAM
influences how many applications can run simultaneously and how efficiently
they can operate.
Types of RAM
1) DRAM (Dynamic RAM): The most common type of RAM used in
computers. It requires periodic refreshing to maintain data.
2) SRAM (Static RAM): Faster and more expensive than DRAM. The
SRAM does not require refreshing and is typically used for cache
memory.
3) SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM): A type of DRAM that is synchronized
with the CPU clock speed, improving performance.
4) DDR (Double Data Rate SDRAM): An advanced version of SDRAM
that transfers data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock
cycle.
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
• Read-Only Memory (ROM) is a type of non-
volatile memory used in computers and other
electronic devices to store firmware or software
that is rarely changed.

• ROM typically stores firmware, which is the low-


level software that directly interacts with the
hardware. This includes the BIOS (Basic
Input/Output System) or UEFI (Unified Extensible
Firmware Interface) in computers, which
initializes hardware during the booting process.
Types of ROM
1) PROM (Programmable ROM): Can be programmed once after
manufacturing. Once written, the data cannot be changed.

2) EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): Can be


erased using ultraviolet light and reprogrammed. This allows for
updates, although the process is relatively complicated.

3) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory):


Can be erased and rewritten electrically. It is more flexible than
EPROM and is commonly used for storing BIOS settings and firmware.
Differences between RAM & ROM
Cache Memory
• Cache memory is a small, high-speed storage area located within CPU.
It is designed to temporarily hold frequently accessed data and
instructions, allowing the CPU to access this information more quickly
than it could from the main memory (RAM). By speeding up data
retrieval, cache memory significantly enhances overall system
performance.
Have you ever
noticed that when
you open any
software
application for 2nd
time, it will be
faster than the first
one?why?
Storage Disk: HDD vs SSD
• SSD (Solid State Drive) is flash storage and has no moving parts
whatsoever. The SSDs provide faster boot times, quicker file transfers,
and improved system responsiveness.
• SSD storage is much faster than its HDD equivalent.
• HDD (Hard Disk Drive) storage is made up of magnetic tape and has
mechanical parts inside. They're larger than SSDs and much slower to
read and write.
Why SSD faster than HDD?
• SSD: Uses NAND flash memory with no moving parts. Significantly faster
read/write speeds (up to 5,000 MB/s or more for NVMe SSDs).

• HDD: Uses magnetic disks (platters) with moving read/write heads. Slower
read/write speeds (typically 80-160 MB/s for 5400 RPM, up to 200 MB/s
for 7200 RPM).
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
• The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible Firmware
Interface (UEFI) in computers is a type of firmware that initializes
hardware during the boot process and provides runtime services for
operating systems.
Computer Software
Computer Software: It refers to a set of
instructions, programs, or data that tell a
computer how to perform specific tasks. It
can be classified into two parts:
1) Operating System: is the program that,
after being initially loaded into the computer
by a boot program, manages all hardware
and other application programs in a
computer such as Windows, Linux, Unix,
Apple iOS, Google’s Android OS, Apple
macOS, AIX, …etc
Computer Software
2) Software Applications: is a program or group of programs designed
for end users such as MS-Office 2013 (Word, Excel, Database, Power
Point), Web Browser (Edge, Firefox, Chrome), LaTeX(document
preparation system), Google Classroom (Manage your courses), and E-
mail.
Computer Components Connections

Hardware Connection Diagram Logical Connection Diagram


How the computer identify the
printer?
• You have to install the software of the printer on your computer. This
allows the processor to identify an external device.

• If you want to connect an external device to your computer, you need


to install the software of that device first.

How your brain identify


limbs?
What’re the Turn On / Turn off
Mechanism?
• When you turn on the computer, what will happen?
• It boots data from HDD/SSD to RAM

• You’re currently working in where in your computer?


• RAM

• What will happen, when you turn off the computer?


• It returns data from RAM to HDD/SSD
What’re the files and directories?
• A file is a collection of data that is stored on disk and that can be
manipulated as a single unit by its name.
Software Application Files such as file.docx,file.xlsx, file.pdf,
file.accdb, *.zip, *.rar,…etc
Operating System Files such as *.txt, *.DLL, *.bat, *.exe

• A directory acts as a folder for other files.


Units
• Bit (Binary Digit): A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a
passive or an active state of a component in an electric circuit.
• Byte: A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit, which
can represent a data item or a character.

Why 1 KB = 1024 Bytes?


normally 1 Km = 1000m
Get your computer’s specification?
Tell me the specification of your computer based on the following
important component?
• CPU (Hz)
• RAM (Byte)
• SSD or HDD? (Byte)
How to Determine if RAM is Shared
with a Graphics Card
Questions

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