Cisco Routing and

Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols and
Concepts – Chapter 1
 Objectives
► Identify a router as a computer
with an OS and hardware designed
for the routing process.
► Demonstrate the ability to
configure devices and apply
addresses.
► Describe the structure of a routing
table.
► Describe how a router determines
a path and switches packets
 Router as a Computer
► Describe the basic purpose of a router
 -Computers that specialize in sending
packets over the data network. They are
responsible for interconnecting networks
by selecting the best path for a packet to
travel and forwarding packets to their
destination
► Routers are the network center
 -Routers generally have 2 connections:
►-WAN connection (Connection to ISP)
►-LAN connection
 Router as a Computer
► Data is sent in form of packets
between 2 end devices
► Routers are used to direct packet to
its destination
 Router as a Computer
► Routers examine a packet’s
destination IP address and
determine the best path by
enlisting the aid of a routing table
 Router as a Computer
► Router components and their functions”
 CPU - Executes operating system instructions
 Random access memory (RAM) - Contains the
running copy of configuration file. Stores routing table.
RAM contents lost when power is off
 Read-only memory (ROM) - Holds diagnostic software
used when router is powered up. Stores the router’s
bootstrap program.
 Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) - Stores startup
configuration. This may include IP addresses (Routing
protocol, Hostname of router)
 Flash memory - Contains the operating system (Cisco
IOS)
 Interfaces - There exist multiple physical interfaces
that are used to connect network. Examples of
interface types:
► -Ethernet / fast Ethernet interfaces
► -Serial interfaces
► -Management interfaces
 Router as a Computer
► Router components
 Router as a Computer
► Major phases to the router
boot-up process
 Test router hardware
► Power-On Self Test
(POST)
► Execute bootstrap
loader
 Locate & load Cisco IOS
software
► -Locate IOS
► -Load IOS
 Locate & load startup
configuration file or enter
setup mode
► -Bootstrap program
looks for configuration
file
 Router as a Computer
► Verify the router boot-up process:
 -The show version command is used to
view information about the router during
the bootup process. Information includes:
 Platform model number
 Image name & IOS version
 Bootstrap version stored in ROM
 Image file name & where it was loaded from
 Number & type of interfaces
 Amount of NVRAM
 Amount of flash
 Configuration register
Router as a Computer
 Router as a Computer
► Router Interface is a physical connector that enables a
router to send or receive packets
► Each interface connects to a separate network
► Consist of socket or jack found on the outside of a
router
► Types of router interfaces:
 -Ethernet
 -Fastethernet
 GigabitEthernet
 -Serial
 -DSL
 -ISDN
 -Cable
 Router as a Computer
► Two major groups of Router Interfaces
 LAN Interfaces:
 Are used to connect router to
LAN network
 Has a layer 2 MAC address
 Can be assigned a Layer 3 IP
address
 Usually consist of an RJ-45 jack
► WAN Interfaces
 Are used to connect routers to external
networks that interconnect LANs.
 Depending on the WAN technology, a layer 2
address may be used.
 Uses a layer 3 IP address
Configure Devices and Apply
Addresses
►Basic Router Configuration
► A basic router configuration should contain the following:
 -Router name - Host name should be unique
 -Banner - At a minimum, banner should warn against
unauthorized use
 -Passwords - Use strong passwords
 -Interface configurations - Specify interface type, IP
address and subnet mask. Describe purpose of
interface. Issue no shutdown command. If DCE serial
interface issue clock rate command.
► After entering in the basic configuration the following
tasks should be completed
 -Verify basic configuration and router operations.
 -Save the changes on a router
 Router as a Computer
► Routers and the Network Layer
 Routers use destination IP address to forward packets
 The path a packet takes is determined after a router
consults information in the routing table.
 After router determines the best path
 Packet is encapsulated into a frame
 Frame is then placed on network medium in form of Bits
 Router as a Computer
► Routers Operate at Layers 1, 2 & 3
 Router receives a stream of encoded bits
 Bits are decoded and passed to layer 2
 Router de-encapsulates the frame
 Remaining packet passed up to layer 3
 -Routing decision made at this layer by examining destination IP address
 Packet is then re-encapsulated & sent out outbound interface
Configure Devices and Apply
Addresses
► Implementing Basic Addressing Schemes
► When designing a new network or mapping an existing
network you must provide the following information in
the form of a document:
 -Topology drawing that Illustrates physical connectivity
 Address table that provides the following information:
 Device name
 Interfaces used
 IP addresses
 Default gateway
Configure Devices and Apply Addresses
Configure Devices and Apply
Addresses
► Verify Basic Router Configuration
 -Issue the show running-config command
 -Save the basic router configuration by Issuing the
copy running-config startup-config command
 -Additional commands that will enable you to further
verify router configuration are:
 Show running-config - Displays configuration
currently in RAM
 Show startup-config - Displays configuration file
NVRAM
 Show IP route - Displays routing table
 Show interfaces - Displays all interface
configurations
 Show IP int brief - Displays abbreviated interface
configuration information
 Routing Table Structure
► Routing Table is stored in ram and contains
information about:
 Directly connected networks - this occurs when
a device is connected to another router interface
 Remotely connected networks - this is a network
that is not directly connected to a particular
router
 Detailed information about the networks include
source of information, network address & subnet
mask, and Ip address of next-hop router
► Show ip route command is used to view a routing
table
 Routing Table Structure
► Adding a connected network to the routing table
 -Router interfaces
 Each router interface is a member of a different network
 Activated using the no shutdown command
 In order for static and dynamic routes to exist in routing
table you must have directly connected networks
 Routing Table Structure
► Static routes in the routing table
 -Includes: network address and subnet mask and IP address
of next hop router or exit interface
 -Denoted with the code S in the routing table
 -Routing tables must contain directly connected networks
used to connect remote networks before static or dynamic
routing can be used
► When to use static routes
 -When network only consists of a few routers
 -Network is connected to internet only through one ISP
 -Hub & spoke topology is used on a large network
 Routing Table Structure
► Connected and Static routes
 Routing Table Structure
► Dynamic routing protocols
 -Used to add remote networks to a
routing table
 -Are used to discover networks
 -Are used to update and maintain
routing tables
► Automatic network discovery
 -Routers are able discover new
networks by sharing routing table
information
 Router Paths and Packet
Switching
► Internet Protocol (IP) packet format contains fields that
provide information about the packet and the sending
and receiving hosts
► Fields that are importance for CCNA students:
 -Destination IP address
 -Source IP address
 -Version & TTL
 -IP header length
 -Precedence & type of service
 -Packet length
 Router Paths and Packet
►
Switching
MAC Layer Frame Format
► MAC Frames are also divided into fields. They include:
 -Preamble
 -Start of frame delimiter
 -Destination MAC address
 -Source MAC address
 -Type/length
 -Data and pad
 -Frame check sequence
 Router Paths and Packet
Switching
► As a packet travels from one networking device to another
 -The Source and Destination IP addresses NEVER change
 -The Source & Destination MAC addresses CHANGE as
packet is forwarded from one router to the next.
 -TTL field decrement by one until a value of zero is reached
at which point router discards packet (prevents packets from
endlessly traversing the network)
 Router Paths and Packet
Switching
► Path determination and switching function details. PC1
Wants to send something to PC 2 here is part of what
happens
 Step 1 - PC1 encapsulates packet into a frame. Frame
contains R1’s destination MAC address
Router Paths and Packet
Switching
 Step 2 - R1 receives Ethernet frame.
 R1 sees that destination MAC address
matches its own MAC.
 R1 then strips off Ethernet frame.
 R1 Examines destination IP.
 R1 consults routing table looking for
destination IP.
 After finding destination IP in routing table,
R1 now looks up next hop IP address.
 R1 re-encapsulates IP packet with a new
Ethernet frame.
 R1 forwards Ethernet packet out Fa0/1
interface.
Router Paths and Packet
Switching
 Router Paths and Packet
►
Switching
Path determination and switching function details. PC1 Wants
to send something to PC 2 here is part of what happens
 Step 3 - Packet arrives at R2
 R2 receives Ethernet frame
 R2 sees that destination MAC address matches its own
MAC
 R2 then strips off Ethernet frame
 R2 Examines destination IP
 R2 consults routing table looking for destination IP
 After finding destination IP in routing table, R2 now looks
up next hop IP address
 R2 re-encapsulates IP packet with a new data link frame
 R2 forwards Ethernet packet out S0/0 interface
 Router Paths and Packet
Switching
► Path determination and switching function details. PC1 Wants
to send something to PC 2 here is part of what happens
 Step 4 - Packet arrives at R3
 R3 receives PPP frame
 R3 then strips off PPP frame
 R3 Examines destination IP
 R3 consults routing table looking for destination IP
 After finding destination IP in routing table, R3 is directly
connected to destination via its fast Ethernet interface
 R3 re-encapsulates IP packet with a new Ethernet frame
 R3 forwards Ethernet packet out Fa0/0 interface
 Step 5 - IP packet arrives at PC2. Frame is decapsulated &
processed by upper layer protocols.
 Routing Table Structure
► Maintaining routing tables
 -Dynamic routing protocols are used to share routing
information with other router & to maintain and up date
their own routing table.
► IP routing protocols. Example of routing protocols include:
 -RIP
 -IGRP
 -EIGRP
 -OSPF
 Routing Table Structure
► Routing Table Principles
 -3 principles regarding routing tables:
 Every router makes its decisions alone , based on the information
it has in its routing table.
 Different routing table may contain different information
 A routing table can tell how to get to a destination but not how
to get back
 Router Paths and Packet
►
Switching
A Metric is a numerical value used by routing protocols help
determine the best path to a destination
 The smaller the metric value the better the path
► 2 types of metrics used by routing protocols are:
 -Hop count - this is the number of routers a packet must travel
through to get to its destination
 -Bandwidth - this is the “speed” of a link also known as the data
capacity of a link
 Router Paths and Packet
Switching
► Equal cost metric is a condition where a router has multiple
paths to the same destination that all have the same metric
► To solve this dilemma, a router will use Equal Cost Load
Balancing. This means the router sends packets over the
multiple exit interfaces listed in the routing table.
 Router Paths and Packet
Switching
► Path determination is a process used by a router to pick
the best path to a destination
► One of 3 path determinations results from searching for the
best path
 Directly connected network
 Remote network
 No route determined
 Router Paths and Packet
Switching
► Switching Function of Router is the process used by a router to
switch a packet from an incoming interface to an outgoing interface
on the same router.
 -A packet received by a router will do the following:
 Strips off layer 2 headers.
 Examines destination IP address located in Layer 3
header to find best route to destination.
 Re-encapsulates layer 3 packet into layer 2 frame.
 Forwards frame out exit interface.
Shortest Path First!
Which Way?
► Ping PC0 to PC1

PC0-Fa/0
Switch1-fa0/1
Switch1-fa0/24
Router0 fa0/0
Router0 fa0/0/0
Router1 fa0/0/1
Router1 fa0/0
Switch2 fa0/24
Switch2 fa0/0/1
PC1 fa0/0
 Shortest Path First!
►
Which Way?
Ping PC0 to PC1
► Ping PC0 to PC1
 Shortest Path First!
►
Which Way?
Ping PC0 to PC1
► Ping PC0 to PC1(R3 TO R5 – DISCONNECTED)
Identify the ports

2
1
5 4 3 4
 Summary
► Routers are computers that specialize in sending data over a network.
► Routers are composed of:
 -Hardware i.e. CPU, Memory, System bus, Interfaces
 -Software used to direct the routing process
 IOS
 Configuration file
► Routers need to be configured. Basic configuration consists of:
 -Router name
 -Router banner
 -Password(s)
 -Interface configurations i.e. IP address and subnet mask
► Routing tables contain the following information
 -Directly connected networks
 -Remotely connected networks
 -Network addresses and subnet masks
 -IP address of next hop address
 Summary
► Routers determine a packets path to its destination by
doing the following
 Receiving an encapsulated frame & examining
destination MAC address.
 If the MAC address matches then Frame is de-
encapsulated so that router can examine the
destination IP address.
 If destination IP address is in routing table or there is a
static route then Router determines next hop IP
address. Router will re-encapsulate packet with
appropriate layer 2 frame and send it out to next
destination.
 Process continues until packet reaches destination.
 Note - only the MAC addresses will change the source
and destination IP addresses do not change.