NETWORKS

Network
• A connection that allows two or more devices to communicate
• Network is used to send data, including emails, files and websites
• Types of Networks
o Wired :A wired network uses cables to connect devices, such as
laptop or desktop computers, to the Internet or another network
Eg - telephone networks, cable television or internet access, and
fiber-optic communication
o Wireless: Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that uses radio
waves to provide wireless high-speed Internet access.
Eg- cell phone networks, wireless local area networks (WLANs),
wireless sensor networks, satellite communication networks, and
terrestrial microwave networks.
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
Types of Networks

• PAN
WAN
• LAN PAN LAN

• WAN
 PAN(PERSONAL AREA NETWORK)
• A personal area network (PAN) connects electronic devices within a
user's immediate area. The size of a PAN ranges from a few
centimeters to a few meters. One of the most common real-world
examples of a PAN is the connection between a Bluetooth earpiece
and a smartphone.
LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)
• A Local Area Network is a privately owned
computer network covering a small Networks geographical
area, like a home, office, or groups of buildings e.g. a school
Network. A LAN is used to connect the computers and other
network devices so that the devices can communicate with each
other to share the resources.
• For example, a library will have
a wired or wireless
LAN Network for users to
interconnect local networking
devices e.g., printers and
servers to connect to the internet.
 WIDE AREA NETWORK(WAN)
• WAN is a wide area network.
• This is multiple devices connected over a large geographical area (usually defined as
multiple buildings).
• Some of the hardware is not owned by the specific individual or company, but may instead
be provided by a utility company

Eg -
multi-campus university,
local government,
or a nationwide store.
Examples
• • connecting a laptop to a printer (PAN)
• • connecting a mobile phone to a television (PAN)
• • computers connected within a home (LAN)
• • computers connected within a school building (LAN)
• • a network of money-dispensing machines (WAN)
• • a multi-campus university (WAN)
• • a city-wide government network.(WAN)
 Quick Recap
• What do PAN, LAN and WAN mean?
• Personal area network, local area network, wide area network.
• What is the difference between a PAN and LAN?
• PAN is a direct connection for one purpose, LAN is a connection between
many devices to perform multiple functions, within the same geographical
location.
• What is the different between a LAN and WAN?
• WAN is over a larger geographical area and makes use of external hardware.
For example, hardware required for connection to the Internet
• What is an example of a PAN, LAN and WAN?
o • PAN - printer to computer
o • LAN – a home network
o • WAN – a multi-campus University.
Ethernet cable or copper cable
• Copper wire is also known as ethernet cable
• An Ethernet cable or Network cable is a cord used to connect
devices together on a Network to transfer broadband data.
• They are used for connecting a laptop or desktop PC to a router,
modem, internet hub, or printer, or for connecting any other wired
network-capable peripherals together.
• Transmits data as electric pulses and can transmit around 10 Gb per
second.
• It is often used to connect devices on a LAN as it transmits data
reliably over a distance of about 100 m
• Copper wire is fairly cheap but it is prone to interference
Fiber Optics
• Fiber optics, or optical
fiber, refers to the
technology that transmits
information as light pulses
along a glass or plastic
fiber.
• A fiber optic cable can
contain a varying number
of glass fibers, from a few
up to a couple hundred.
Another glass layer called
cladding surrounds the
glass fiber core.
 Uses of fiber optics
• Fiber optics is capable of transmitting more data at faster speeds over
longer distances than other technologies.
• As a result, it has become the foundation of modern data transmission
and is increasingly used in telecom, internet service provider and
enterprise data center networks.
• Optical fibre works on the principle of total internal reflection.
• This type of communication can transmit voice, video, and telemetry through local area
networks or across long distances.
• Each strand of fiber is thinner than a human hair, and yet single-mode fibers can carry up
to 32 terrabytes of data per second (TB/s).
 Recap
• • is a wired connection (both)
• • transfers data (both)
• • is a wireless connection (neither)
• • transmits data as light (fiber optic)
• • transmits data faster (fiber optic)
• • transmits data as electricity (copper)
• • can only transmit a short distance and then needs repeaters (copper)
• • is more expensive to set up (fiber optic)
• • will work when bent (copper)
• • requires specific expertise to install (fiber optic)
• • has higher bandwidth (fiber)
• • transmits signals in binary (both).
 Quick Recap
• Give two examples of wired connections.
• fiber optic and copper
• Which transmits data faster?
• fiber optic
• Which is cheaper to install and maintain?
• Copper wire
• Which is easier to moveover and bend around obstacles?
• Copper wire

• Write 2 differences between copper cables and fiber optics(in notebook)

Recap
• How do you connect to a wired network?
• by plugging in a cable; the user may also need to log in to a network
• How do you connect to a wireless network?
• connect the wi-fi on the computer to the router, using the wireless access point, and enter the
password
• If you connect with a cable, what are you unable to do?
• Move around freely
 Quiz
• • usually has a faster transmission speed (wired)
• • allows the user to connect from anywhere within distance (or range) (wireless) Some of
these statements depend on the situation, for example there may be occasions when a
wireless connection is faster than a wired one.
• • easily hacked if no password set (wireless)
• • subject to interference from physical barriers, such as walls (wireless)
• • allows any number of devices without extra connections needed (wireless)
• • easier to connect new devices to (wireless)
• • usually cheaper to set up as less hardware needed (wireless)
• ‘hacking’ is unauthorised access to a computer system, with the intention to cause
damage, or to steal or delete data.
• • usually a more reliable connection (wired)
• • usually more secure (wired)
Wired or Wireless??
• a family wants to watch films downloaded from the internet
• • a school purchases over 100 computers for students to connect to each other
• • a supermarket connects its systems together
• • two people want to transfer files direct from one laptop to another
• Why could a wireless connection be better than a wired connection?
• more portable; users can add more devices easily
• Why could a wired connection be better than a wireless connection?
• faster transmission; more secure; more reliable
Revise...
• How do you connect to a wired network?
• by plugging in a cable; the user may also need to log in to a network
• How do you connect to a wireless network?
• connect the wi-fi on the computer to the router, using the wireless access point, and enter the
password
• If you connect with a cable, what are you unable to do?
• Move around freely
• Why could a wireless connection be better than a wired connection?
• more portable; users can add more devices easily
• Why could a wired connection be better than a wireless connection?
• faster transmission; more secure; more reliable
HACKING
‘hacking’ is unauthorised
access to a computer system,
with the intention to cause
damage, or to steal or delete
data.
Revise....
• usually has a faster transmission speed (wired)
• allows the user to connect from anywhere within distance (or range) (wireless)
• easily hacked if no password set (wireless)
• subject to interference from physical barriers, such as walls (wireless)
• allows any number of devices without extra connections needed (wireless)
• easier to connect new devices to (wireless)
• usually cheaper to set up as less hardware needed (wireless)
• usually a more reliable connection (wired)
• usually more secure (wired)
• limited range in terms of distance (wireless
Activity
• a family wants to watch films downloaded from the internet
• a school purchases over 100 computers for students to connect to each other
• a supermarket connects its systems together
• two people want to transfer files direct from one laptop to another.
ECHO CHECK

• An echo check is a way of testing the integrity of a

communication link.
• In an echo check, a signal is sent from one endpoint to
another, then back again.
• The returned data (the “echo”) is then compared with
the original to see if there are any issues with the data
transmission path (such as delays, errors, or packet
loss).
 Echo Check
• You need to send a message to a partner. How can you check whether the message
arrived correctly?
• • the sender transmits data to the receiver
• • the receiver sends the data received back to the sender
• • the sender then checks whether both sets of data are the same
• • if an error is detected, the data is sent again.
Revise..
• Why is an echo check needed?
• To check whether data has been transmitted correctly
• How does an echo check work?
• The sender transmits the data. The receiver transmits the received data back. The sender then
compares both sets of data to determine if they are the same.
• What are the possible problems with an echo check?
• The error may occur in the second transmission. This will cause the data to be resent when it is not
necessary to do so, given that the initial transmission was correct. Resending the data will slow
down is receipt and could create bandwidth issues.
Threats from a hacker
• data can be intercepted
• people can try and gain access to a computer
• a virus can be installed to delete data
• spyware can be installed to record activity.
 Virus, Spyware and Malware
• • virus – software that is installed without a user’s knowledge which creates copies
of itself in order to destroy or damage data
• • spyware – software that is installed without a user’s knowledge to record their
key presses and transmit them to a third party, who can use them to
find passwords.
Malware, short for malicious
software, refers to any intrusive
software developed by
cybercriminals (often called
hackers) to steal data and
damage or destroy computers
and computer systems.
Examples of common malware
Recap...
• What can happen if someone gets access to your computer?
• delete data, change data or install malware
• What can they do? Answer: delete data, change data or install malware What future problems may
this cause?
• loss of personal or important data What can happen if a virus is installed on your computer?
What damage can it cause?
• It can: delete data; fill the hard drive so there is no memory space left; replicate itself and transmit
itself to other people’s computers
• What can happen if spyware is installed on your computer? What damage can it cause?
• It can record your username and password and use them to access your system in a different way;
criminals can use spyware to record bank details and steal money.
Discussion
• How do you make sure that only certain people can enter your house?
• lock the door
• check who is standing outside
• only allow people that you trust to enter
• Firewall – a piece of hardware or software that checks the data that is coming into a
computer; if the data is not authorised, the firewall stops it from entering.
 Revise
• What is the purpose of a firewall?
• to stop unauthorised access to a computer system
• How does a firewall stop unauthorized access?
• it scans incoming and outgoing signals and stops those that are not authorised
• What is the purpose of antivirus software?
• to stop viruses
• How does antivirus software stop viruses?
• it scans files for viruses and deletes or quarantines any that are found
• What is the purpose of antispyware software?
• to prevent spyware from gaining access to a device
• How does antispyware stop spyware?
• It scans files for spyware and deletes or quarantines it
• Antivirus – software that scans files for viruses, then either deletes them or quarantines them
• Antispyware – software that scans files for spyware, then either deletes them or quarantines
them.