Scribd
Upload
2 views

Chapter 3 separation and purification

The document discusses methods for separating and purifying substances from mixtures, highlighting the differences between pure substances and mixtures. It covers techniques such as filtration, evaporation, distillation, and chromatography, explaining their applications and the importance of purity in determining melting and boiling points. Additionally, it emphasizes the effects of impurities on the physical properties of substances.

Uploaded by

Fatima Nawaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Chapter 3 separation and purification

The document discusses methods for separating and purifying substances from mixtures, highlighting the differences between pure substances and mixtures. It covers techniques such as filtration, evaporation, distillation, and chromatography, explaining their applications and the importance of purity in determining melting and boiling points. Additionally, it emphasizes the effects of impurities on the physical properties of substances.

Uploaded by

Fatima Nawaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

Chemistr

y
C H AP T E R 3
S E PA RAT ION A N D
P U R I F IC AT ION
Obtaining pure
substance from
mixture
How is a mixture different from pure substance?

A pure substance is made-up of one single element or


compound it is not mixed with any other substance.
Whereas a mixture is made-up of two or more substances
that are not chemically combined.

How do we obtain fuel substance from mixture?

There are several methods to remove impurities or


separate the mixture into pure substance .To decide which
method to use we need to consider the properties of each
substance in mixture.
Separating a solid
from liquid
Filtration :-

Filtration is used to separate insoluble solid particles from a


liquid.

Residue:-

The solid that remains on the filter paper is called the


residue.

Filtrate:-

The liquid or solution that passes through the filter paper is


called filtrate.
Evaporation to dryness:-
It is used to obtain a soluble solid from a solution by
heating the solution until all the water has boiled off.

Crystallisation :-
it is used for obtaining a pure solid sample from its
solution.
Separating solids
Using a suitable solvent:-
Solute is a substance that is dissolved in water.
Solvent is the liquid that dissolves the solute.
In this process to separate a mixture of two solid
we
use a solvent in which only one solid is soluble
the
other solid is insoluble.
sublimation:-
Sublimation is used to separate a
solid that
sublimes from one that does not .

Using a magnet:-
A magnet can be used to separate a
magnetic
substance from a nonmagnetic
substance.
Separating a solid
from a liquid
Simple distillation:-

simple distillation is used to separate a pure solvent


(liquid)

from a solution.

How does the temperature change as a salt solution


undergoes distillation?

As a salt solution is heated Its temperature increases. When


the solution finally boils thermometer records a
temperature of 100 Celsius .This is the temperature of
steam.The temperature remain unchanged until all the
water has boiled off.
Separating liquids
Using a separating funnel:-

A separating funnel can be used to separate


immiscible liquids.
Fractional distillation:-
Fractional destination is used to separate a mixture of miscible liquids
with different boiling points.
What happens when a solution of ethanol and water undergoes fractional
distillation? A column called the fractionating column is attached to the
round bottom flask and the condenser. Many glass beads in the
fractionating column provide a large surface area for vapour to condense
on.
During fractional distillation,
1.The liquid with the lowest boiling point with distill over first.
2.The vapors of liquid with higher boiling point condense
along the fractionating column and fall back into the round bottom flask.
How does the temperature change a solution of ethanol and water
undergoes fractional distillation? The
temperature of the mixture increases as it is heated until it reaches 78
Celsius. At 78 Celsius ethanol distills over. The temperature remains
constant until all the ethanol has distilled out of the round bottomed
flask. The temperature increases until 100 Celsius At this temperature
water distills over. The temperature remains unchanged as water is being
distillated.
What are the industrial applications of fractional distillation ? Fractional
distillation is used to obtain nitrogen argon and oxygen from air and to
separate petroleum into useful fractions. it is also used to obtain ethanol
produced by the fermentation of glucose solution.
Chromatography Formula of R value
Chromatography is the method of separating two or more components that dissolve in the same solvent.
distance traveled by the substa
Paper chromatography R distance traveled by the solven
value:-
We can use paper chromatography to separate the dyes in a sample of food coloring. In this method the solvent travels up the
chromatography paper.

How do we interpret the result of chromatography?


The chromatography paper with the separated components is call a chromatogram. The color spot in different places on the
chromatography paper are the separated dyes of Food coloring.

R value How far does solvent front


and substance travel up the chromatogram depends on how long the experiment is allowed to run. However, the ratio between the distance
traveled by substance and the distance travel by the solvent is a constant. The ratio is called the retention factor or R value of the
substance. The R value of a substance does not change if chromatography is carried out under the same condition (I .e. Same solvent and
same temperature).This property allows us to easily identify a substance on a chromatogram.

Chromatography of colorless substance We simply spray a locating


agent on the chromatogram, so the colorless substance show up as colored spot.

How To separate and analyse amino acid? Separate the mixture of amino
acid by chromatography using a suitable solvent and stop the chromatography before the solvent reaches the top of the paper. Dry the
paper. Spray locating agent which will react with the ammonia acid to form colored spots on the paper. By checking the R value of each
colored spot, We can identify the amino acids.

Uses of chromatography
chromatography can be used to separate the components in the sample and identify the components present in a sample all identify
substance such as poisons. It also determines whether a sample is pure.
Determining Importance of purity
The measurement of purity of substance is important as it helps

purity us detect harmful impurities and ensure that products meet quality
standards .

Pure solids have fixed melting points


a solid is pure if it has an exact and constant or fixed melting point.

What are the effects of impurities on melting points?


Impurities lower the melting point of a solid the greater the number of
impurities the lower the melting point. Impurities cause melting to
take place over range of temperature for example an impulse sample
of benzoic acid may melt over a temperature range of 118 to 121
Celsius.

Pure liquids have fixed boiling point


a liquid is built it has an exact and constant boiling point.

What are the effects of impurities on boiling point?


Impurities increase the boiling point of a liquid the greater the amount
of impurity the higher the boiling point.Impurites cause boiling to take
place over a range of temperature..

You might also like