Organisation of speech

• Patterns
• Modes
• Introduction
• Main Body
• Conclusion
 Patterns
Chronological (Temporal)
Spatial (Directional)
Causal
Problem – solution
Topical (categorical)
Psychological
 Chronological
• Follows a set time pattern
• Series of events in the sequence in which they
occurred or appeared
• Informative
⮚Process Description
⮚History, growth/stages of development
 Spatial
• Directional / Locational
• Main points proceed from L to R, F to B, I to O, E
to W etc.
• Informative
⮚Functioning of a Dept.
⮚Structure of a building
 Causal
• Cause and Effect relationship
• Persuasive / Informative
⮚Deforestation
⮚Accidents
⮚IT Recession
 Problem – solution
• Existence and seriousness of a problem
• Workable solution
• Persuasive
⮚IT Recession
⮚Legal inefficiency
 Topical
• Most commonly used
• Applicable to every speech
• Topics and sub topics
• Informative
⮚Advertising
⮚Effective speaking
 Psychological
• Sequence according to the way in which
audience is likely to react
• Persuasive
⮚Modernization
⮚Boosting the Morale
⮚Any sensitive Issue
❖don’t read your talk/ speech
– that would wreck your delivery!
 Differnt Modes of Delivery
1. Reading from Manuscript
2. Speaking from Memory
3. With little preparation—Extemporary
4. Without Preparation - Impromtu
 Introduction
Purpose
❖to create curiosity

❖to intrigue the audience

❖to motivate
❖Attention Getters
❖Thesis statement
❖Audience Adaptation
❖Credibility
❖Preview
❖Transition
 Attention Getters
❖Story
❖Rhetorical Question
❖Quotation
❖Unusual Statement
❖Humor
❖Shocking Statistics
 Opening Statements
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 Identify the opening strategy used in
each of the following
❖ Sadly, in the next 18 minutes when I do our chat, four Americans that
are alive will be dead from the food that they eat.(
Jamie Oliver’s TED Wish: Teach every child about food)
❖ Okay, now I don't want to alarm anybody in this room, but it's just
come to my attention that the person to your right is a liar. (Laughter)
Also, the person to your left is a liar. Also the person sitting in your
very seats is a liar. We're all liars. What I'm going to do today is I'm
going to show you what the research says about why we're all liars,
how you can become a liespotter and why you might want to go the
extra mile and go from liespotting to truth seeking, and ultimately to
trust building. ( Pamela Meyer: How to spot a liar)
❖Imagine a big explosion as you climb through
3,000 ft. Imagine a plane full of smoke. Imagine
an engine going clack, clack, clack, clack, clack,
clack, clack. It sounds scary. Well I had a unique
seat that day. I was sitting in 1D.(
Ric Elias: 3 things I learned while my plane cra
shed
)
 ?
❖Life is not always rainbows and sunshine – we
have all had days when nothing seems to be going
as planned and when we find ourselves
demotivated, bogged down and engulfed in
sadness. On such days, when you are unable to
motivate yourself, do you know what helps?
Listening to great speeches — empowering ones.
 ?
❖I am honored to be with you today at your
commencement from one of the finest universities
in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth
be told, this is the closest I’ve ever gotten to a
college graduation. Today I want to tell you three
stories from my life. That’s it. No big deal. Just
three stories.
❖2005 Stanford Commencement coverage
❖The first story is about connecting the dots.
 Rhetorical Question
❖“If you could attract higher-value clients, how
would that change your approach to your
business? [Pause]
In this session, you’ll learn a 3-step process to do
just that.” Or

❖“Think about a time when you received great

service. Recall how you felt. Remember what you
said to people about it.
[Pause] Well today, you’ll discover 5 ways to
give your ownclients great service too.”
❖Or by saying:
“Imagine having clients who sing your praises on
Facebook and Twitter. In the next 40 minutes,
you’ll see our model for fostering fans like that.”
❖“About 60% of you have no experience in this
subject, and 30% have very limited experience, so
we’ll spend about ⅔ of our time on the basics,
and ⅓ on slightly more involved content.”
Choose short quotes when you can
❖As Nancy Duarte wrote in Resonate:
“Language and power are inextricably linked.”
❖“If you can’t write your message in a sentence,
you can’t say it in an hour.”
❖“Drama is life with the dull parts cut out.” – You
can paraphrase it
❖A quality quote is a smart sentence with the
boring bits cut out.
❖Franklin Roosevelt put this brilliantly:
“Be sincere; be brief; be seated.”
Famous Gettysburg Address by President Abraham
Lincoln

(November 19, 1863 at the Soldiers' National Cemetery in

Gettysburg)

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a
great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived
and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field
of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final
resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might
live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not
consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men,
living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far
above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little
note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never
forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to
be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who
fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for
us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us --
that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to
that cause for which they gave the last full measure of
devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall
not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people,
by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
 Thesis Statement
Reveal
---Topic
---Purpose
 Audience Adaptation
❖Audience analysis involves identifying the
audience and adapting a speech to their interests,
level of understanding, attitudes, and beliefs.
❖Taking an audience-centered approach is important
for a speaker’s effectiveness for delivering a
speech.
 Analyzing an Audience in Public
Speaking
❖Who is in this audience?
❖What opinions does your audience already have
about the topic you are presenting?
❖Where are you addressing the audience? What
things about the context or occasion might
influence your audience‘s interest and
dispositions?
❖When are you addressing the audience? This
is not just a matter of the time of day, but
also why your topic is timely for the
audience.
❖Why would your audience be interested in
your topic? Why should these people make a
particular judgment, change their minds, or
take a specific action? In other words, how
does your goal intersect with their interests,
concerns, and aspirations?
 Audience Adaptation

❖Reference to occasion
❖Reference to previous speaker
❖Reference to location
❖Extending a compliment
 Expressions
❖“Just like you I was brought up to believe…”
❖“You know what it’s like when…”
❖“If I were to ask you…”
 Credibility

Competence extensive research

life long interest
personal experience
Goodwill desire to help the audience
 Preview
What’s to be explained
under each
main topic
 Transition

From Introduction

To Main body
 TIPS
❖Keep it relatively brief 10 to 20%
❖As and when you prepare the body, look out for
relevant information
❖Be creative
❖Prepare introduction after organizing main body
❖Practice word by word till smooth
❖Choose the best method for attention
Developing Main Body
• Definition
• Examples
• Analogy
• Statistics
• Testimony
 Definition
• Explain in simple terms
• Use unambiguous words and define the
technical terms
⮚Photosynthesis
⮚Vocationalisation
 Examples
⮚ To Clarify, Reinforce
•Brief (specific)
•Extended (more detailed)
•Hypothetical
 Analogy
Comparison / contrast
Similar / dissimilar
Qualities / characteristics
 Statistics
⮚ To clarify and support
•Must be representative
•Reliable
•Use visual Aid
•Explain
⮚ Indian sports scenario
 Testimony
⮚ Words of others to support ideas
•Expert
•Peer
•Prestige
⮚ Paraphrase
⮚ Quote
 Conclusion
Closing Remarks
Your last chance
As much care as introduction
⮚Signal the end
⮚Reinforce the central idea
 Closing Statements
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 Signal
Let your audience know don’t stop abruptly
Phrases : One last thought, let me conclude by
saying
To sum up
In the end
Manner : Change in voice, pacing etc.
 Reinforce
• Summarize
• End with a quotation
• Make a dramatic statement
• Refer to the introduction
(combination also)
 Comment on the following
❖ Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth
Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final
issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover
of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country
road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so
adventurous. Beneath it were the words: “Stay Hungry. Stay
Foolish.” It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay
Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself.
And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.
❖ Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.
❖ Thank you all very much.
❖ J.K. Rowling: (19:23)
❖ I’m nearly finished. I have one last hope for you, which is something
that I already had at 21. The friends with whom I sat on graduation
day have been my friends for life. They are my children’s
godparents. The people to whom I’ve been able to turn in times of
real trouble. People who have been kind enough not to sue me when
I took their names for Death Eaters. At our graduation, we were
bound by enormous affection by our shared experience of a time that
could never come again. And of course, by the knowledge that we
held certain photographic evidence that would be exceptionally
valuable if any of us ran for Prime Minister. So today, I wish you
nothing better than similar friendships. And tomorrow, I hope that
even if you remember not a single word of mine, you remember
those of Seneca, another of those old Romans I met when I fled
down the classics corridor in retreat from career ladders in search of
ancient wisdom. “As is a tale, so is life: not how long it is, but how
good it is, is what matters.”
❖ I wish you all very good lives. Thank you very much.
 Tips
• Keep an eye for possible concl. material

• Conclude with a bang not with a whimper

• Don’t be long – winded

• Work out – everything

 Connective Devices

❖Create a Transitions
clear flow Internal Previews
❖Tie the speech Internal
Summaries
together Sign Posts
Transitions – brief statements
indicating shift in
gear
Internal Previews – to preview parts of
mainpoints
Internal Summaries – reverse of I.P

Sign Posts – brief statements to

show where
you are