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Human Behavior & Victimology

The document discusses human development as a process influenced by maturation and learning, emphasizing the importance of early experiences and cultural factors. It outlines psychological theories, particularly Freud's psychoanalytic theory, and differentiates between normal and abnormal behaviors, highlighting inherited and learned behaviors. Additionally, it explores various perspectives on human behavior and the causes of conflicts within it.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
26 views56 pages

Human Behavior & Victimology

The document discusses human development as a process influenced by maturation and learning, emphasizing the importance of early experiences and cultural factors. It outlines psychological theories, particularly Freud's psychoanalytic theory, and differentiates between normal and abnormal behaviors, highlighting inherited and learned behaviors. Additionally, it explores various perspectives on human behavior and the causes of conflicts within it.

Uploaded by

Jessa Mae Martir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HUMAN BEHAVIOR &

VICTIMOLOGY

JEROME T. AGRVANTE, RCrim


HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Is a process in which a progressive series of changes occurs as a result of maturation and experience.
According to Newman (2015), human development emphasizes the patterns of “constancy and change
across the life span” and identifies the processes that account for such patterns. They argue that development
implies a process that happens over time and has a specific direction.

SIGNIFICANT FACTS ABOUT DEVELOPMENT

EARLY FOUNDATIONS ARE CRITICAL


Essentially, attitudes, habits, and patterns of behavior that have been established in the
early years of one’s life largely determine the success of individuals in adjusting to life as they
grow older.
e.g A toddler who grows up in a loving and supportive environment tends to develop strong
emotional intelligence.
ROLES OF MATURATION AND LEARNING IN DEVELOPMENT
MATURATION refers to the process
by which an individual’s inherent
traits are developed.
As a teenage boy matures, his voice naturally
deepens due to hormonal changes during
Effective body language enhances
puberty. Similarly, a teenage girl experiences
your message, making it more
the natural development of her body, such as
impactful and memorable:
breast growth and menstruation, without any
effort or learning on her part. • Meaningful eye contact

LEARNING is the product of the • Purposeful gestures


exercise and effort spent by an • Maintain good posture
individual to achieve development.
• Control your expressions
e.g. A child learns how to ride a bicycle by practicing with
training wheels, receiving instructions, and making an effort
to balance. This skill is not purely dependent on biological
growth but rather on experience and repetition.
DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWS A
DEFINITE AND PREDICTABLE
PATTERN
EACH PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT HAS A
CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOR
According to previous works, there are This means that every stage of development
patterns of physical, motor, speech and includes a set of behaviors that can only be
intellectual development, and such development observed in a particular stage.
follows a pattern similar for everyone.
e.g Adolescents often seek independence
ALL INDIVIDUALS ARE DIFFERENT and explore their identity as part of their
development.
No two individuals can be 100% EACH PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT HAS HAZARDS
biologically and genetically similar, even in the
Each stage in the life span of an individual can be
case of identical twins. Such difference increases
associated with specific developmental hazards(anything that
as children develop from childhood, move on to
has the potential to cause harm)
adolescence and eventually to old age.
e.g A child who experiences neglect may struggle with trust and
e.g. Even identical twins raised in the same home
emotional regulation later in life.
can have different personalities and interests.
•Society expects teenagers to attend school and adults to pursue a career or family life.

DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWS A
DEFINITE AND PREDICTABLE
PATTERN
DEVELOPMENT IS AIDED BY STIMULATION THERE ARE SOCIAL
This can be achieved by stimulating EXPECTATIONS FOR EVERY
development by directly encouraging an individual to
utilize an ability, which is in the process of development. STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
e.G A baby exposed to music and conversation from an All cultural groups expect their
early age may develop stronger language skills.
members to familiarize themselves with
DEVELOPMENT IS AFFECTED BY CULTURAL essentials skills and acquire certain
CHANGES
approved behavioral patterns at various
An individual’s development often conforms
to cultural standards; hence changes in these standards age during one’s lifetime
can also affect one’s developmental pattern
e.g Society expects teenagers to attend
e.g Children today grow up using technology, shaping
their learning and social interactions differently than past
school and adults to pursue a career or
generations. family life.
1. ID – this stands for instinctual drives. It is
governed by the “pleasure principle”. The id
PSYSCHOLOGICAL impulses are not social and must be repressed or
THEORIES ON HUMAN adapted so that they may become socially
acceptable.
DEVELOPMENT
2. EGO – this is considered to be the sensible and
1. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES responsible part of an individual’s personality and
As one of the most popular theories of is governed by the “reality principle”. It is
development, Psychoanalytic theory originated with the developed early in life and compensate for the
work of SIGMUND FREUD who argued that childhood demands of the id by helping the individual guide
experiences and unconscious desires ultimately his actions to remain within the boundaries of
influence our behaviors as adults. accepted social behavior; it is the objective,
Sigmund Freud- He is recognized as the FATHER OF rational part of the personality.
PSYCHOANALYSIS. 3. SUPEREGO – serves as the moral conscience
- He is known for his psychoanalytic theory. of an individual. It is structured by what values
- According to him, criminality is caused by the imbalance were taught by the parents, the school and the
of the three (3) components of personality: the id, the ego, community as well as belief in God. It is largely
and the superego. responsible for making a person follow the moral
- According to him there are three parts of personality: codes of society.
Conscious Mind (Aware thoughts and decisions)
•While studying for an exam, you actively focus on reading and understanding the material.
•You decide what to eat for lunch and make a choice based on what you're craving.

Subconscious Mind (Stored memories and automatic responses)


•When typing on a keyboard, your fingers move effortlessly without thinking about each key.
•A song you heard earlier in the day randomly plays in your head even though you weren’t consciously thinking about
it.

Unconscious Mind (Deep-seated memories, instincts, and repressed experiences)


•A person who had a near-drowning experience as a child may feel extreme anxiety or fear around large bodies of
water as an adult, even if they don’t consciously remember the incident. Their fear is driven by unconscious memories
and emotions buried deep in their mind.
2. FREUD’S THEORY OF
PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

Stage 1: Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months)


During this stage, an infant source main source of interaction Stage 2: Anal Stage (18 Months to 3 Years)
occurs through the mouth, and as such, rooting and sucking are specially
important in this stage. The infant may develop a sense of trust and During this stage, a child becomes aware of
comfort with an adult who is providing this kind of oral stimulation correct bowel control and experiences pleasure in
A baby finds comfort in sucking their thumb when feeling anxious or eliminating or retaining feces. Some parents praise
hungry. and reward children who show correct behavior in this
Conflict occurs during the weaning process, and at this point, sense. These children eventually grow up to become
the child must less become dependent upon his/her caretakers; otherwise productive and confident.
fixation may occur.
ANAL RETENTIVE – if the child can control and
Fixation – is the tendency to stay at a particular stage: The individuals
troubled by the conflict that characterizes the stage and seeing to reduce it eliminate feces. Becomes obsessed with perfection,
by means of the behavior characteristics of that stage. order, cleanliness and control as an adults.
If this fixation is not resolved, then the child may grow up ANAL EXPULSIVE- extremely disorganized and
with issues concerning binge eating, drinking, nail biting or smoking.
The individual may also have problems related to dependency and
chaotic
aggression. (Cherry 2015a)
2. FREUD’S THEORY OF Stage 4: Latency Stage (5 or 6 years to puberty)
PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
This development stage begins around the
same time when children enter school, and becomes
Stage 3: Phallic Stage (3 to 6 Years) more focused on their peer relationships.
This stage is mainly characterized by a child’s focus
This is a period of exploration and place an
on sexual interests, stimulation, and excitement in relation to
genital area. important role in the development of confidence as
well as social and communication skills.
It lays down the foundation of one’s gender identity.
The patterns of identification arising from the phallic stage
primarily determine the development of human character. Stage 5: Genital Stage (puberty to adulthood)
(McLeod, 2008) During this period, a child undergoes the
Oedipus Complex A young boy develops psychological maturation of systems of sexual functioning and
unconscious romantic feelings for his mother associated hormonal systems, thus leading to intensified drives
and sees his father as a rival. (mommy’s boy) and impulses. The main objective of this phase is the eventual
separation from one’s attachment to his/her parents and the
Electra Complex A young girl develops unconscious
achievements of mature relationships as well as adults roles and
romantic feelings for her father and may feel
duties.
jealousy toward her mother. (daddy’s girl)
e.G A teenager begins to form romantic relationships and
becomes more independent from their parents.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Anything an individual does that involves self-initiated action and/or reaction to a given
situation/stimulus.
The sum total of man's reaction to his environment or the way human beings act.
It is composed of adoptive adjustments people make as they cope with one another, problems,
opportunities, and working together-aspects in a given situation.
Refers to a voluntary or involuntary attitude of a person to adapt and fit society’s values and
ideas of what is right and wrong.
It also refers to a range of actions demonstrated by humans in conjunction with their
environment and in response to various stimuli, whether conscious or subconscious, internal or external,
voluntary or involuntary and overt or covert.
e.g. A person instinctively pulls their hand away after touching something hot.
Human Beings

Human beings are intelligent social animals with the mental capacity to comprehend, infer and think in
rational ways.
e.g Humans have the unique ability to create art, invent tools, and communicate complex ideas.
CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
In general, psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. This means that psychologists
use the methods of science to investigate all kinds of behavior and mental processes, from the activity of a
single nerve cell to the social conflict in a complex society (Bernstein, et al, 1991).
In particular, Criminal Psychology is a sub-field of general psychology where criminal behavior is
only, in part by which phenomena psychologists choose to study.
e.g A psychologist studies the thought patterns of serial offenders to understand their motivations and
predict future behavior.
COMMON SEEN BEHAVIOR

Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted behavior) – the standard behavior, the totality accepted behavior
because they follow the standard norms of society. Understanding criminal behavior includes the idea of knowing
what characterized a normal person from an abnormal one. A normal person is characterized by: Efficient perception
of reality, Self-knowledge, Ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior, Self-esteem and acceptance,
Productivity, Ability to form affectionate relationship with others.

Abnormal Behavior (maladaptive/maladjusted behavior) - A group of


behaviors that are deviant from social expectations because they go against the
norms or standard behavior of society.
e.g. A person suddenly starts shouting in a quiet library for no apparent reason.
A maladaptive (abnormal) person may be understood by the following
definitions:

 Abnormal behavior according to the deviation of statistical norms based on statistical


frequency: Many characteristics such as weight, height, and intelligence cover a range of values
when measured over a population. For instance, a person who is extremely intelligent or
extremely happy would be classified as abnormal.
 Abnormal behavior according to deviation from social norms: A behavior that deprives from
the accepted norms of society is considered abnormal. However, it is primarily dependent on
the existing norms of such a society.
Abnormal behavior due to personal distress: This is abnormally in terms of the individual
subjective feelings of distress rather than the individual behavior. This includes mental illness,
feeling of miserably, depression, and loss of appetite or interest, suffering from insomnia and
numerous aches and pains. Abnormality in its legal point: It declares that a person is insane
largely on the basis of his inability to judge between right and wrong or to exert control over his
behavior (Bartol, 1995).
Two Basic Types of Behavior

a. Inherited (Inborn) Behavior – It refers to any behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by


people because of their inherited capabilities or the process of natural selection e.g., the survival
of species who are dependent on behaviors like breathing, digesting food, mating and
depending oneself.

b. Learned (Operant) Behavior – It involves knowing or adaptation that enhances human beings’
ability to cope with changes in the environment in ways which improve the chances of survival. It
may be acquired through environment or training
e.g., good command of English, logical problem-solving technique, job skills, and other learned
expertise that give people more control over their lives. It is this behavior that sets human being apart
from other animals.
Classifications of Human Behavior
Habitual – It refers to motorized behavior
usually manifested in language and emotion.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR INHERITED Saying "thank you" when receiving
BEHAVIOR
something.
1. PHYSICAL TRAITS – human inherit many physical
Instinctive – It is generally unlearned and
traits from parents or ancestors simply comes out of man’s instinct which
2. MENTAL TRAITS – many scientists believe that level can be seen among instinct survival
of intelligence and special talents are inherited
behaviors. Pulling your hand away from a
hot surface.
CONSIDERATIONS OF LEARNED BEHAVIOR
1. ENVIRONENT – after birth, the infant is exposed to Symbolic – It is a behavior that is usually
an external environment that is extremely variable. carried out by means of unsaid words and
2. TRAINING – Is closely related to environment and shown through symbols or body signs.
includes all social, educational, cultural, moral and
religious agencies with which the child comes into Nodding to indicate agreement.
contact Complex – It is a behavior that combines
3. EFFORTS OF THE WILL – by means of the will, two or more of the classified ones. A teacher
inherited capacities are realized and intellectual
opportunities are utilized. explaining a lesson while using hand
gestures (symbolic + habitual).
4. Psychoanalytical View – It emphasizes unconscious motives
that originate from aggressive impulses in childhood.
Someone who was frequently scolded as a child
Views/Perspective in Human Behavior may develop low self-esteem and a fear of
authority figures.

1. Neurological View – It deals with human actions in 5. Humanistic View – It focuses on the subject’s experience,
relation to events taking place inside the body such as freedom of choice and motivation toward self-actualization.
the brain and the nervous system. A person with an artist pursues painting full-time because it
Parkinson’s disease has difficulty fulfills their passion and sense of purpose.
controlling movement due to a lack of
dopamine in the brain. CAUSES OF CONFLICTS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR
2. Behavioral View – It emphasizes on external 1. PHYSICAL CAUSES – refer to natural causes, like typhoon,
functions of the human being that can be observed and an earthquake, flood or storm
measured. A teacher rewards students with 2. SOCIAL CONFLICTS – Involve restrictions on rules in the
stickers for good behavior, encouraging home, in school and in the community
them to repeat it. 3. ECONOMIC CONFLICTS – result from one’s inability to
3. Cognitive View – It is concerned with the way the acquire material things because of poverty or other financial
brain processes and transforms information into various obligations.
ways. A student uses mnemonics to
memorize information for an exam.
ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR

Intellectual Aspect – this aspect of behavior pertains to


our way of thinking, reasoning, solving, problem,
processing info and coping with the environment. Stimulus – external factors
Emotional Aspect – this pertains to our feelings,
moods, temper, and strong motivational force.
Sensations – These are feelings or
Social Aspect – this pertains to how we interact or relate impressions of a stimuli that maybe
with other people delivered via the following sources:
Moral Aspect – this refers to our conscience and olfactory – smell
concept on what is good or bad.
Psychosexual Aspect - this pertains to our being a man cutaneous – touch
or a woman and the expression of love auditory – hearing
Political Aspect – this pertains to our ideology towards gustatory – taste
society/government
visual - sight
Value/Attitude – this pertains to our interest towards
something, our likes and dislikes
Awareness – This is a psychological activity that occurs in accordance with
the interpretation and experience of various stimuli (interpretation of past
experiences)(memory)
E.G You avoid eating seafood because you are aware that you had an
allergic reaction before.

Perception – This refers to one’s DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR


The answer to these questions requires the
knowledge (interpretation) of various study and understanding of the influences of
stimuli from the environment or external HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT. As cited by
sources. E.g. You see a dark alley Tuason:
Heredity (Biological Factors)
and perceive it as dangerous This refers to the genetic influences, those that
based on its appearance are explained by heredity, the characteristics of a person
Response – reaction towards your acquired from birth transferred from one generation to
another. It explains that certain emotional aggression,
perception e.g Since you perceive our intelligence, ability and potentials and our physical
the dark alley as dangerous, you appearance are inherited. It is the primary basis of the
decide to take a different idea concerning criminal behavior, the concept that
“criminals are born”.
route. Environmental Factors (Socio-Cultural Influences)
Environmental Factors (Socio-Cultural Influences)

THE ANTI-SOCIAL FAMILY – those that


espouses unacceptable values as a result of the
influence of parents to their children. A family
where parents engage in illegal
FAMILY BACKGROUND activities (e.g., theft, fraud, or
It is a basic consideration because it is in the violence) and teach their children that
family whereby an individual first experiences how such behaviors are acceptable.
to relate and interact with another. The family is said
to be the cradle of personality development as a result of THE DISCORDANT/DISTURBED FAMILY –
either a close or harmonious relationship or a
characterized by non-satisfaction of one or both
pathogenic family structure: the disturbed family,
broken family, separated or maladjusted relations.
parent from the relationship that may express
feeling of frustration. This is usually due to value
Pathogenic Family Structure – those families differences as common sources of conflict and
associated with high frequency of problems such as: dissatisfaction.
THE INADEQUATE FAMILY – characterized by the
inability to cope with the ordinary problems of family THE DISRUPTED FAMILY – characterized by
living. It lacks the resources, physical of psychological, incompleteness whether as a result of death,
for meeting the demands of family satisfaction. divorce, separation or some other circumstances.
Frustration

Frustration refers to the unpleasant feelings that result Broad Reactions to Frustration
from the blocking of motive satisfaction. It is a form of Fight – It is manifested by fighting the problem in a
stress, which results in tension. It is a feeling that is constructive and direct way by means of breaking down
experienced when something interferes with our the obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals.
hopes, wishes, plans and expectations (Coleman, e.g A student struggling in math seeks help from a tutor
1980). E.g A student fails an important exam and practices regularly until they improve.
after studying hard, leading to feelings of
disappointment and stress. Flight – It can be manifested by sulking, retreating,
becoming indifferent and giving up
Frustration Tolerance
It is the ability to withstand frustration e.g A person who constantly gets criticized at work
without developing inadequate modes of response such decides to quit instead of trying to improve their
as being emotionally depressed or irritated, becoming performance
neurotic or becoming aggressive.
e.g. A job applicant gets rejected multiple times but
keeps applying with optimism.
SOURCES OF FRUSTRATIONS
ARE:
3. PERSONAL SHORTCOMINGS –
disease, blindness, paralysis. An aspiring
SOURCES OF FRUSTRATIONS ARE: athlete cannot compete
1.PHYSICAL OBSTACLES – typhoons, flat professionally due to a chronic
illness.
tires, traffic congestions etc.
4. CONFLICTS BETWEEN MOTIVES –
e.g. A driver is late for an important example; wanting to leave college for a
meeting due to heavy traffic and year to try painting but also wants to please
road construction. one’s parents by remaining in school.
2. SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES – restrictions e.g A person is offered a high-
imposed by other people and customs and laws paying job abroad but hesitates
of social being. because they do not want to leave
their family.
e.g. A teenager wants to stay out
late but is not allowed due to their
parents' strict rules.
SOURCES OF FRUSTRATIONS
ARE:

Coping Mechanism
 It is defined as the way people react to frustration. People differ in the
way they react to frustration. This could be attributed to individual
differences and the way people prepared for the developmental task they
faced during the early stages of their life.
Different Types of Reaction to Frustration
Direct approach – It can be seen among people who handle their problems in a very objective way. They identify
first the problem, look for the most practical and handy way to solve it and proceed with the constructive manner
of utilizing the solution which will produce the best results. e.g A student struggling with a subject studies harder,
asks for help, and takes extra lessons to improve.

Detour - When an individual realizes that in finding for the right solution of the problem, he always end up with
a negative outcome or result. Thus, he tries to make a detour or change direction first and find out if the
solution or remedy is there. E.g. A person wanting to start a business lacks funds, so they work a temporary job first
to save money.

Substitution - Most of time resulted to in handling frustration when an original plan intended to solve the problem
did not produce the intended result. Thus, the most practical way to face the problem is to look for most possible
or alternative means. E.g. Imagine a student preparing for an important math exam. They originally planned to
study by reading the textbook, but they find it too difficult to understand. Instead of giving up, they switch to
watching online video tutorials, which explain the concepts more clearly.
Different Types of Reaction to Frustration
Withdrawal or retreat -It is corresponding to running away from the problem or flight
which to some is the safest way. E.g A musician who keeps getting rejected in auditions
decides to stop pursuing music and find another career.

Developing feeling of inferiority – It comes when a person is unable to hold on to any


solution which gives a positive result. Being discouraged to go on working for a way to
handle a frustration could result to diminishing self confidence until the time when
inferiority complex sets in. e.g : A student repeatedly fails math exams despite studying
hard, leading them to believe they are unintelligent and avoiding academic
challenges altogether.

Aggression - It is a negative outcome of a person's inability to handle frustration rightly.


Manifestation in physical behavior can be observed in one's negative attitudes towards life
both in the personal and professional aspect.
Different Types of Reaction to Frustration

Aggression - It is a negative outcome of a person's inability to handle frustration rightly.


Manifestation in physical behavior can be observed in one's negative attitudes towards life
both in the personal and professional aspect.

e.g. A worker who is frustrated with their boss starts lashing out at coworkers and
showing hostility toward customers.
Use of Defense Mechanism
It is the most tolerated way of handling frustration. It is a man’s last result when
a person attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated situation or event.
Defense Mechanism – It is an unconscious psychological process that serves as safety valve
that provides relief from emotional conflict and anxiety.
Defense Mechanism
Displacement – A strong emotion, such as anger is displaced onto another person or object as
the recipient of said emotion (anger) rather than being focused on the person or object which
originally was the cause of said emotion.
e.g A man who is angry at his boss for scolding him at work goes home and yells at his
wife for no reason.
Use of Defense Mechanism
Rationalization – It is the defense mechanism that enables individuals to justify their behavior to
themselves and others by making excuses or formulating fictitious, socially approved arguments to
convince themselves and others that their behavior is logical and acceptable. E.g A student who fails a
test blames the teacher for being unfair instead of admitting they did not study enough.

Compensation – It is the psychological defense mechanism through which people attempt to overcome
the anxiety associated with feelings of inferiority and inadequacy in one is of personality or body image
by concentrating on another area where they can excel. E.g. A person who struggles with social
skills focuses on excelling in academics to boost their self-esteem.
Use of Defense Mechanism

Projection – It manifests feelings and ideas that are unacceptable to the ego
or the superego and are projected onto others so that they seem to have
these feelings or ideas which free the individual from the guilt and
anxiety associated with them.

e.g A cheating spouse accusing their partner of infidelity


•A person who is being unfaithful may constantly accuse their partner of
cheating, even without any evidence.
Use of Defense Mechanism
Reaction formation – It is defined as the development of a trait or traits which are the opposite of tendencies
that we do not want to recognize. The person is motivated to act in a certain way but behaves in the opposite
way. Consequently, he is able to keep his urges and impulses under control. E.g .A person who is secretly
insecure about their intelligence brags about being the smartest in the room.

Denial – When a person uses this, he refuses to recognize and deal with reality because of strong inner needs. is
simply refusing to acknowledge that an event has occurred. E.g. A smoker who has been diagnosed with lung
disease refuses to believe smoking is the cause of their illness.

Repression – It is an unconscious process whereby unacceptable urges or painful traumatic experiences are
completely prevented from entering consciousness.
E.g person who experienced childhood trauma has no recollection of the events, as their
mind has buried the painful memories.
Use of Defense Mechanism
Suppression – It is sometimes confused with that of repression. It is a conscious activity by which an individual
attempts to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and experiences by pushing them out of his mind.

e.g. A student going through a breakup deliberately avoids thinking about it by focusing on schoolwork.
Use of Defense Mechanism
Identification - An individual seeks to overcome his own feelings of inadequacy, loneliness or inferiority by taking on
the characteristics of someone who is important to him. An example is a child who identifies with his parents who are
seen as models of intelligence, strength and competence.
e,.g A teenager starts dressing, speaking, and acting like their favorite celebrity to feel more confident and accepted.

Substitution - Through this defense mechanism, the individual seeks to overcome feelings of frustration and anxiety by
achieving alternate goals and gratifications. Eg. A basketball player who gets injured and can no longer play professionally
becomes a sports coach instead.

Fantasy – this is resulted to whenever unfulfilled ambitions and unconscious drives do not materialize. When we cannot
achieve or do something that we want, we channel the energy created by the desire into fantastic imaginings. E.g. A
person who dreams of being rich and famous but has no means to achieve it spends hours imagining themselves living in luxury.

Regression – A person reverts to a pattern of feeling, thinking or behavior which was appropriate to an earlier stage of
development. E.g An adult who is overwhelmed with stress starts acting childishly, throwing tantrums and refusing
responsibilities.
Use of Defense Mechanism
Sublimation – It is the process by which instinctual drives which consciously unacceptable are diverted
into personally and socially accepted channels. It is a positive and constructive mechanism for defending
against own unacceptable impulses and needs.

e.g A person with aggressive tendencies channels their energy into boxing or martial arts instead of getting
into fights.
OTHER DEFENSE MECHANISM

FIGHT OR FLIGHT REACTION – our bodies get ready either for a fight or a desperate flight from a certain defeat.

INTELLECTUALIZTION – refers to ‘flight into reason’ where the person avoids uncomfortable emotions by focusing on
facts and logic.

PASSIVE AGRESSION – attacking others through passive means


e.g. “Silent Treatment” Ignoring someone after an argument but insisting that "nothing is
wrong" when asked.

SELF-HARMING – the person physically deliberately hurts himself/herself in some way or otherwise puts themselves at
high risk of harm

SOMATIZATION – psychological problems turns into physical and subconscious mind. Examples are skin rashes, heart
problems etc.

TRIVIALIZING – one way of trivialize is to make something a joke, laughing it off.


Person A: "My girlfriend broke up with me, and I feel awful."
Conflict
Conflict refers to the simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives resulting to unpleasant
emotions. It is a source of frustration because it is a threat to normal behavior (Berstein, et al, 1991).

1. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONFLICT (INTERNAL CONFLICT)


- could be going inside the person and no one would know. Freud would say unconscious ID battling
superego and further claimed that our personalities are always in conflict.

2. SOCIAL CONFLICT

A. INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT – two individuals, me against you


B. INTERGROUP STRUGGLES – us against them
C. INDIVIDUAL OPPOSING A GROUP – me against them, them against me
D. INTRA-GROUP CONFLICT – members of group all against each other on a task
3. APPROACH-AVOIDANCE
Double Approach Conflict – a person is motivated to engage in two desirable activities that cannot be pursued
simultaneously.
ex. Sumit has to choose between going for a school trip or for a vacation with his family during summer
vacation

Double Avoidance Conflict – a person faces two undesirable situations in which the avoidance of one is the
exposure to the other resulting to an intense emotion.
ex. Anju doesn't want to attend lectures as she finds them boring but she also doesn't want to appear on the
attendance defaulter list.

Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a person faces situation having both a desirable and undesirable feature. It is
sometimes called “dilemma”, because some negative and some positive features must be accepted regardless
which course of action is chosen.
ex. Samir wants to take up a job as the salary is excellent but he doesn`t want a job
3. APPROACH-AVOIDANCE
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a situation in which a choice must be
made between two or more alternatives each has both positive and negative
features. It is the most difficult to resolve because the features of each portion are
often difficult to compare.
ex. Nisha wants to become a pilot but the cost is prohibiting. She can also become a
beautician but it is a low paying, non-glamorous job.
PSYCHOPATHIC PATTERNS
Group of abnormal behaviors, which typically stemmed from immature and distorted personality
development, resulting in persistent maladaptive ways of perceiving and thinking. They are generally called
“personality or character disorders”. These groups of disorders are composed of the following:

Personality Disorders
 Paranoid Personality Disorder - It is characterized by suspicious, rigidity, envy, hypersensitivity,
excessive self-importance, argumentativeness and tendency to blame others of one’s own mistakes.

 Schizoid Personality Disorder - This is characterized by the inability to form social relationship and lack
of interest in doing so. The person seem to express their feelings, they lack social skills. They are the
so-called “loners”.

• Schizotypal Personality Disorder - It is characterized by seclusiveness, over sensitivity, avoidance of


communication and superstitious thinking is common.
PSYCHOPATHIC PATTERNS
Histrionic Personality Disorder - It is characterized by immaturity, excitability, emotional instability and self-
dramatization.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder - It is characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and pre-occupation
with receiving attention. The person usually expects and demands special treatment from others and disregarding the
rights and feeling of others.

Borderline Personality Disorder - It is characterized by instability reflected in drastic mood shifts and behavior
problems. The person usually displays intense anger outburst with little provocation and he is impulsive,
unpredictable, and periodically unstable.
Avoidant Personality Disorder - It is characterized by hypersensitivity to rejection and apprehensive alertness to any
sign of social derogation. Person is reluctant to enter into social interaction.

Dependent Personality Disorder - It is characterized by extreme dependence on other people – there is acute
discomfort and even panic to be alone. The person lacks confidence and feels helpless.
PSYCHOPATHIC PATTERNS
Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder - It is characterized by being hostile expressed in
indirect and non-violent ways. They are so called “stubborn”. The individual with this
personality disorder is usually found to have overindulged in many things during the early
years to the extent that the person comes anticipate that his needs will always be met and
gratified.

 Compulsive Personality Disorder - It is characterized by excessive concern with rules,


order, and efficiency that everyone does things their way and an ability to express warm
feeling. The person is over conscientious, serious, and with difficulty in doing things for
relaxation.

Anti-social Personality Disorder - It is characterized by continuing violation of the rights of


others through aggressive, anti-social behavior with out remorse or loyalty to anyone.
Simple Schizophrenia – It is characterized by a
PSYCHOTIC PATTERNS gradual decline of interest and ambition. The
person withdraws from social contacts as well
Are group of disorders involving gross structural defects as irritable and inattentive.
in the brain tissue, severe disorientation of the mind thus it Paranoid Schizophrenia – It is characterized
involves loss of contact with reality. principally by delusions of persecutions and/or
grandeur. Hallucinations, usually auditory, are
most of the time present.
Schizophrenia and Paranoia - Schizophrenia – refers
to the group of psychotic disorders characterized by
Hebephrenic Schizophrenia – It manifests
gross distortions of reality, withdrawal of social severe integration of personality and can be
interaction, disorganization and fragmentation of observed through inappropriate giggling and
perception, thoughts and emotion. It also refers to terms smiling without apparent reasons which to an
such as “mental deterioration”, “dementia praecox”, untrained observer may only be childish
or “split mind”. playfulness.
Catatonic Schizophrenia – It manifests
e.g. John believes the television is sending him secret
messages, withdraws from friends and family, and
extreme violence and shown with excessive
speaks in a disorganized manner. motor activity, grimacing, talkativeness and
unpredictable emotional outburst.
EXAMPLE

1. Simple Schizophrenia
 A person who once had big dreams and socialized a lot now shows no interest in work, friends, or hobbies. They spend most of
their time alone, ignoring responsibilities, and seem emotionally distant.
2. Paranoid Schizophrenia
 Someone believes that their neighbors are spying on them and trying to harm them, even though there is no evidence. They hear
voices telling them they are in danger and must be careful.
3. Hebephrenic Schizophrenia (Disorganized Schizophrenia)
 A person suddenly starts laughing uncontrollably during a serious conversation, making strange, inappropriate jokes, and
talking in a disorganized manner that does not make sense.
4. Catatonic Schizophrenia
 A person remains completely still for hours without responding, then suddenly starts moving excessively, making aggressive
gestures or shouting randomly without any clear reason.
SCHIZOPHRENIC
HALLUCINATIONS

1. TACTILE/CUTANEOUS (touch)
crawling across their skin
2. AUDITORY (sight)
see things that are not really there
3. AUDITORY (hearing)
this is the most common type. Hear voices and sounds that others cannot
hear
4. OLFACTORY (smell)
smell things (usually foul smelling things)
5. COMMAND (hearing)
when a voice commands the person to do something he/she would not
ordinarily do.
HALLUCINATION,ILLUSION AND
DELUSION

HALLUNICATION
- is a perception in the absence of external
stimuli (false perception)

ILLUSION
- is a distortion of the senses, revealing
how the human brain normally organizes and
interprets sensory stimulation (false
interpretation)

DELUSION
-false system of beliefs that persists
despite evidence to the contrary (false belief)
Paranoia

it is a psychosis characterized by a systemized


EXALTED PARANOIA – Having grandiose delusions
delusional system. A type of psychotic reaction, the
and believes himself/herself as someone with great
main symptom of which is characterized by suspicion.
power or importance, usually reformer or religious
(aka DELUSIONAL DISORDER)
crusader (Granduer)
TYPES OF PARANOIA
JEALOUS PARANOIA – The state of having extreme
PERSECUTORY PARANOIA – this refers to having
and irrational jealousy
delusions of persecution. The person believes that some
people are plotting to harm him/her in some way
SOMATIC DELUSION – focuses on delusional
LITIGIOUS PARANOIA – This refers to having
physical abnormality or disorder
delusions of both persecution and grandeur; a person
may go to great lengths to bring alleged persecutors to
GUILT DELUSION – believes they have done
court.
something terribly wrong. One extremely rare instance
EROTIC PARANOIA – Also called amorous paranoia,
if this diseases is called FOLIE A DEUX
this refers to having delusions that a certain person is in
love with him/her
Paranoia

1. Persecutory Paranoia
 Maria believes that her co-workers are secretly conspiring to get her fired, even though there is no evidence of this.
2. Litigious Paranoia
 John constantly files lawsuits against his neighbors, believing they are working together to ruin his life while also
considering himself a legal genius.
3. Erotic Paranoia
 Anna is convinced that a famous actor is secretly in love with her, despite never having met him, and she repeatedly
tries to contact him.
4. Exalted Paranoia (Grandeur Delusion)
 Mark believes he is a divine prophet sent to save humanity and insists that world leaders should follow his
guidance.
Paranoia Example

5. Jealous Paranoia
 Sarah constantly accuses her husband of infidelity despite having no evidence, leading her to check his phone and
follow him everywhere.
6.Somatic Delusion
 Jake is convinced that he has a rare, undiagnosed disease and visits multiple doctors, refusing to believe their
reassurances that he is healthy.
7.Guilt Delusion
 Maria is tormented by the belief that she caused a tragic accident years ago, even though she had no involvement in
it.
VICTIMOLOGY

VICTIMOLOGY
Criminal victims could be key actors in the criminal
Victimology (victima – “fear”) is the study
justice process, but more often they are kept at the
about victims of crime. It is a branch of criminology
discussion. The victim of crime often becomes the
that deals purely on the underlying factors of
FORGOTTEN PERSON of the criminal justice
victimization and the contributory role of the victims in
system while the criminal is the celebrity.
the commission of crimes.
Victimology, being the study of “crime
Victims are only valued for their capacity to report
targets”, showed that a person becomes a victim of
crimes and to appear in court as witnesses.
crime consciously (knowingly) and unconsciously
(unknowingly). A person could become a victim due to
his own action or fault. He somehow contributes to
the commission of crime because of his own making.
Victimology versus
Criminology

Victimology focuses on helping victims heal after


crime. CRIME VICTIM
Crime victim generally refers
Criminology aims to understand the criminals motives
and the underlying causes of crime to any person, group, or entity who
has suffered injury or loss due to
Victimologists are concerned with fostering recovery, illegal activity. The harm can be
while Criminologists seek prevention and understand
the social impact of crime. physical, psychological, or economic
Victimity refers to the state, quality, or fact of being a
victim while Victimizer refers to a person who
victimizes others.
Today, the concept of victim includes any
person who experiences injury, loss or hardship due
to any cause.
KINDS OF CRIME
VICTIM
1. DIRECT OR PRIMARY CRIME VICTIM
Directly suffers the harm or injury which is physical, psychological, and economic losses.

2. INDIRECT OR SECONDARY CRIME VICTIM


Experience the harm second hand, such as intimate partners or significant others of rape victims
or children of a battered woman.

3. TERTIARY CRIME VICTIM


Victims who experience the harm vicariously such as through media accounts the scared public
or community due to watching news regarding crime incidents.
HISTORY OF
VICTIMOLOGY
The scientific study of victimology can be traced back to the 1940s and 1950s.
Two criminologists MENDELSON AND VON HENTIG, began to explore the field of victimology by
creating “typologies”
They are considered the “Fathers of the study of Victimology”

Is generally credited as the initiator of the word VICTIMOLOGY as well as the concept of PENAL COUPLE.

PENAL COUPLE – is a term that describes the relationship between the victim and the criminal.
He also coined the term VICTIMAL to describe the victim counterpart of criminal and the word
VICTIMITY which signified the opposite of criminality.

Another class of victim is the LOSER or one who is initially the attacker but later, the situation is
reversed. An example could be the case of a bully who ends up injured or a swindler becomes swindled.

He created a typology of 6 types of victim.


HISTORY OF
VICTIMOLOGY
The scientific study of victimology can be traced back to the 1940s and 1950s.
Two criminologists MENDELSON AND VON HENTIG, began to explore the field of victimology by
creating “typologies”
They are considered the “Fathers of the study of Victimology”

Is generally credited as the initiator of the word VICTIMOLOGY as well as the concept of PENAL COUPLE.

PENAL COUPLE – is a term that describes the relationship between the victim and the criminal.
He also coined the term VICTIMAL to describe the victim counterpart of criminal and the word
VICTIMITY which signified the opposite of criminality.

Another class of victim is the LOSER or one who is initially the attacker but later, the situation is
reversed. An example could be the case of a bully who ends up injured or a swindler becomes swindled.

He created a typology of 6 types of victim.


Typology of 6 types of victim.
1. COMPLETELY INNOCENT VICTIM
- bears no responsibility at all for victimization (e.g. child)

2. VICTIMS WITH MINOR GUILD


- victimized due to ignorance

3. VICTIM AS GUILTY AS OFFENDER/VOLUNTARY VICTIM


-bear as much as responsibility as the offender (suicide pact)

4. VICTIM MORE GUILTY THAN OFFENDER


-instigates or provokes his/her own victimization

5. MOST GUILTY VICTIM


-victimized during perpetration of a crime or as a result of a crime

6. SIMULATING OR IMAGINARY VICTIM – fabricates a victimization effect.


VON HENTIG

Depressive type
A victim who lacks ordinary prudence, and discretion. It is an easy target, careless, and
unsuspecting. They are submissive by virtue of emotional condition.
Greedy of gain or Acquisitive type
A victim who lacks all normal inhibitions and well-founded suspicions. The victim is easily
duped because his or her motivation for easy gain lowers his or her natural tendency to be
suspicious
Wanton or Overly Sensual type
A victim where female faults play a role. The victim is particularly vulnerable to stresses
that occur at a given period of time in the life cycle, such as juvenile victims. Further, this victim is
ruled by passion and thoughtless seeking pleasure.
Tormentor type
The victim of an attack form the target of his or her abuse, such as with battered
women. The most primitive way of solving a personal conflict is to annihilate physically the cause of
VON HENTIG

VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY


It was first promulgated by Von Hentig in 1941 and applies only to violent
victimization. Its basic premise is that by acting in certain provocative ways, some
individuals initiate a chain of events that lead to their victimization.
Also, this theory suggests that some people may actually initiate the
confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.
ACTIVE PRECIPITATION – it occurs when the victims act provocatively, use
threats or fighting words, or even attacks first
PASSIVE PRECIPITATION – it occurs when the victim exhibits some personal
characteristic that unknowingly either threatens it encourages the attacker.
LAWRENCE COHEN & MARCUS FELSON’S ROUTINE
ACTIVITIES THEORY

LAWRENCE COHEN & MARCUS FELSON’S ROUTINE


ACTIVITIES THEORY
Crime occurs whenever three conditions come together:
 SUITABLE TARGETS
 MOTIVATED OFFENDERS
 ABSENCE OF GUARDIANS
Thank you

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