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STRESSORS AND ILLNESS

The document provides a comprehensive overview of stress, defining it as a physiological or psychological tension that disrupts an individual's equilibrium. It classifies stressors into various categories, including internal, external, developmental, and situational, and discusses models of stress such as the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) and the Transactional Model of Stress. Additionally, it highlights physiological, psychological, and cognitive indicators of stress and the body's adaptive responses to stressors.

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Karan Singh
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8 views

STRESSORS AND ILLNESS

The document provides a comprehensive overview of stress, defining it as a physiological or psychological tension that disrupts an individual's equilibrium. It classifies stressors into various categories, including internal, external, developmental, and situational, and discusses models of stress such as the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) and the Transactional Model of Stress. Additionally, it highlights physiological, psychological, and cognitive indicators of stress and the body's adaptive responses to stressors.

Uploaded by

Karan Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STRESSORS , STRESS and

ADAPTATIONS

PRESENTER: Mrs. Monika


Sharma
Associate
professor ,CON,DMCH,LUDH.
DEFINITION OF STRESS
DEFINITION OF STRESS

 The term stress is derived from the


latin word ‘stringere’ means to
draw tight. stress is any
physiological or psychological
tension that threatens the person
total equilibrium. It is force that
effects our emotions and motives.
DEFINITION OF STRESS
 “Stress is a condition in which a
person responds to changes in the
normal balanced state”
 “Stress is the force that effects our
emotions and motives, it is wear
and tear of life and called the
disease of modern civilization”.
DEFINITION OF STRESS
 “Stress: The human reaction to
events in our environment”
 Han Selye defines stress as “wear
and tear on the body”
DEFINITION OF STRESS

 A disruptive condition that


occurs in response to adverse
influences from the internal or
external environments

 A condition in which the


person responds to changes in
the normal balanced state
DEFINITION OF STRESSOR

 A stimulus or situation that


causes stress.
Or
A biological, psychological,
social or chemical factor that
causes physical or emotional
tension and may be a factor in
the etiology of certain
CLASSIFICATION OF
STRESSORS

General Classification
1. Internal Stressor
 Originate within the person

2. External Stressor
 Originate outside the
individual
3. Developmental Stressor
 Occurs at a predictable time
CLASSIFICATION OF
STRESSORS contd…..

4. Situational Stressor
 Unpredictable may occur any time
during life
 Can Be Positive or Negative

According to Location:
1. Physical e.g. (Cold, Heat, chemical
agents)
2. Physiologic e.g. (pain and Fatigue)
3. Psychosocial e.g. (Failing exams
CLASSIFICATION OF
STRESSORS contd…..

According to
Duration:
 Acute time limited
stressor
 Stressor sequence
 Chronic
intermittent
stressor
 Chronic Enduring
MODELS OF STRESS

 Models of stress assist nurses


to identify the stressors in a
particular situation and to
predict the individual’s
response. Nurses can use
these models to assist clients
in strengthening healthy
coping response and in
adjusting unhealthy responses.
MODELS OF STRESS contd…..
1. STIMULUS BASED MODEL:
 Stress is defined as a stimulus, a
life event or set of circumstances
that arouse physiological and
psychological reaction that may
increases the individual
vulnerability to illness. Holmes and
Rahe (1967) assigned a numerical
values 43 life changes or events.
This scale has stressful life events
such as divorce, pregnancy and
MODELS OF STRESS
contd….
2. RESPONSE BASED MODEL:
 Stress may also be considered as a
response. This definition was developed
by Selye as “the nonspecific response of
the body to any kind of demand made
upon it.” Selye stress response is
characterizes by a chain or pattern of
physiological events called general
adaptation syndrome (Gas) or stress
syndrome. The GAS is physiological
response of the whole body to stress. It
involves the autonomic nervous system
and the endocrine system.
MODELS OF STRESS
contd….
 General adaptation
syndrome(GAS) consist of
three stages:

 ALARM REACTION
 RESISTANCE STAGE
 EXHAUSTION STAGE
Three stages of GAS…….
MODELS OF STRESS contd….
 ALARM REACTION:- The initial
reaction of the body is the alarm
reaction which alerts the body
defense. Hormones level rises to
increases blood volume and
thereby prepare the person to act.
Other hormone are released to
increase blood glucose level to
make energy available for
adaptation. Increased level of other
hormones epinephrine and nor
MODELS OF STRESS contd….
 The extensive hormonal
activity prepares the person
for the fight or flight
response.
 Increased mental activity
 Dilated pupils
 Bronchiolar dilatation
 Increased respiratory rate
 Increased heart rate
 Increased glucose
 Increased cardiac output
 Increased blood pressure
MODELS OF STRESS contd….
 RESISTANCE STAGE:- In the
resistance stage the body stabilizes
and hormone level, heart rate, B.P
and cardiac output returns to
normal. The person is attempting
to adapt to the stressor. If the
stress can be resolved, the body
repairs damage that may have
occurred. However if the stressor
remains present as in continued
blood loss debilitating disease or
MODELS OF STRESS contd….
 EXHAUSATION STAGE:- Exhaustion
stage occurs when the body can no
longer resist stress and when the
energy necessary to maintain
adaptation is depleted. The
physiological response is
intensified but the person energy
level is compromised and
adaptation to the stressor
diminishes. the body is unable to
defend itself against the impact of
MODELS OF STRESS contd….

LOCAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME:

CHARACTERSTICS:
 the response is localized. it
does not involve entire body
 the response is adaptive
 the response is short term
 the response is restorative
REFLEX PAIN RESPONSE
 This response is a localized
response of the CNS to pain. it
is an adaptive response and
protects tissues from further
damage . the response
involves a sensory, motor
response.
Example:- reflex removal of
hand from a hot surface
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

FIRST SECOND PHASE THIRD PHASE


PHASE

Injury site Wound


Regeneration

Narrowing of
blood vessels Exudates Damaged
tissues

histamine
Cut or
surgically Scar formation
WBCs incised

Combat Healing
infect
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
STRESS
 Encompasses a set of
cognitive, affective and
adaptive(coping) responses
that arise out of person-
environment transaction
 PHYSIOLOGIC INDICATOR:
Responses to stress vary
depending on the individual’s
perception of events. These are:
 .Pupils dilates to increased visual
perception when serious threats to
the body arise.
 .Urine output decreases
 .The mouth may be dry.
PSYCHOLOGIC INDICATOR:
Psychological manifestation of
stress include anxiety, fear and
ego defence mechanism.
 -Anxeity: A common response to
stress is anxiety and it is the result
of perception and attention
changes, respiratory and
circulatory changes .etc
 Fear: Fear is an emotion or feeling
of apprehension aroused by seeing
danger, pain or other perceived
threat.eg student may fear that
client will not want to be cared for
by a student.
 Ego defence mechanism: It is
psychological adaptive mechanism
that develop as the personality
attempts to defend itself and
establish compromises. These are
compensation, displacement,
identification etc
 COGNITIVE INDICATORS
 Cognitive indicators of stress are
thinking responses that include problem
solving, self control or self discipline etc
 -Problem solving: It involves thinking
through the threatening situation, using
specific steps to arrive at solution.
 Self
control or self discipline:-It is
assuming a manner and facial
expression that convey a sense of
being in control means control on
herself or himself.

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