TECHNIQUES: INTERVIEW

& CASE STUDY

PRESENTED TO: PRESENTED BY:

Mrs. Nidhi Sagar Simran Dhillon
Professor & Vice- Principal M.Sc. (N) 1 st Year
Deptt. OBG Roll No: 15
Subject coordinator- Nursing Education
DMCH, College of Nursing
Malakpur
 TECHNIQUES OF COUNSELLING
Counselling requires some skills on the part of the counsellor to effectively
counsel the client by exploring the problem situation.
1. Rapport building: to win the confidence of the client so as to establish
therapeutic relationship with the client, explore the information. The client
gains trust and comes forward to explain the inner feelings, thoughts openly.
2. Maintenance of privacy: to assure the client of confidentiality, so as to
promote the effective session without any disturbance.
3. Active listening: listening is the most important technique. Total attention
should be paid to what is being said and observe nonverbal messages the client is
sending and encourage the client to talk.

• S – sit squarely facing towards the patient

• O – observe an open posture
• L – lean forward toward the client
• E – establish eye contact
• R - relax
4. Affirmation: it is important that counsellor show respect by accepting
attitude. But this does not means that you agree with the opinions or actions and
it is ok for you. Make it clear that your opinions and moral view are different.

5. Empathy: in this the counsellor leaves aside his/her own frame of references
and for the time being adopts the frame of references of the client and then
appreciates how the client experiences the events in his/her
world.
6. Paraphrasing: this means restating by the counsellor provider in her/his own
words what the client has said so far to check whether it has been correctly
understood. Often different words are used and the listener may be using this to
draw attention to a particular concern or aspect. Sometimes paraphrasing is used
to clarify.

7. Focussing: means concentration on a particular point. It eliminates vagueness

in communication by limiting the area of discussion.
8. Questioning: it is a direct method of getting specific clear information from
the client. Asking the relevant questions in a logical, sequential manner is
important.

9. Use of open ended questions: so as to get the depth of information.

10. Confronting: asking direct questions related to client behaviour.

11. Linking: it involves linking the client’s feelings or events or persons one to
another, to make the client to understand the situation in a better manner.
12. Placing events in time sequence: encourage the client to organize thoughts,
giving clues for recurring patterns, so as the counsellor will understand the
client’s feelings and plans care accordingly.

13. Analysing option: non directive approach in which each option is analysed
and client is persuaded for necessary action.

14. No advice & suggestion: try to limit the direct advice that you give during
your conversation. So as to avoid dependency.
15. Summarizing: is focusing on the main points of a presentation or
conversation in order to highlight them. It helps the client to focus the issue
under discussion.

16. Reflection: directing back to the patient his ideas, feelings, questions and
content. Consists of responses to the client’s feelings about the content and the
alternates available.
15. Asking relevant questions: It helps in getting more appropriate information.

16. Using silence: It helps the individual to explore more about themselves.
INTERVIEW
 Interview
• It is the heart of the counselling process in which counsellor and counselee
meet face to face and conduct formal talk with a definite purpose.

• It provides opportunity to the counselee to explore his conflicts, problems

learning difficulties so that the counsellor can determine a plan of counselling
for him.

• Interview should be well planned in advance to achieve desired outcomes.

 Definition
It is the technique of counselling. It is desired as conversation with a definite
purpose. Interview can be conduct to collect information of the student, family
members, friends, etc. By this, the observation and clarification of doubts. A
structured interview gives more reliable and valid data.
 Types of Interview

• Diagnostic interview: Here the purpose is to secure information about the

individual.
• Administrative interview: A student misbehave and principal call him and
warn him. Here the purpose is to self-explained, to warn him, to punish or to
modify behaviour.
• Employment interview: Here the purpose is to determine the fitness of
candidates for a particular job.
• Admission interview: Here the purpose is to determine the fitness of a
particular course.
• Information interview: Here the purpose is to impart information to the
interviewee.
• Research interview: Here the purpose is to discover facts and figures for the
purpose of research.
• Counselling interview: Here the purpose is to help the individual (counselee)
to solve the problems.
 Interview procedure
Interview is an art that requires careful planning and preparation for satisfactory
performance and good results. The major hints in preparation are given below:
• Decide what is to be accomplished
• Know the interviewee
• Make appointments
• Provide the privacy
• Practice taking the interviewee’s point of view
• Know your own personality.
 Functions of counselling interview

• To have a face to face contact with the interviewee and to assist him
• To collect information from the interviewee
• To impart the information to the interviewee
• To motivate the interviewee and enable him to take interest in himself
• To help the interviewee in solving educational, vocational ad psychological
problems and making adjustments.
 Step in Counselling interview

In order to make the interview meaningful effective, the following step are allowed:
Preparation and the Establishment of the Rapport

Unfolding the problem

Joint working on the problem

Evaluation

Follow up
 Preparation and the Establishment of the
Rapport:

• Schedule of interview program: Schedule of interview should be prepared in

advance. The date and time of interview should be notified.

• Physical setting: An essential preparation for an effective interview is the

proper physical setting and environment. It should be conducted in a private
room free from noise, distraction or disturbance. A properly lighted room with
suitable temperature condition and a comfortable seat for the counslee must be
ensured.
• Pre-interview conversation: pre-interview conversation is essential, where
the interviewee is bashful or reserved. Appropriate topic for discussion for
pre-interview are hobbies or school events.
• Establishing Rapport: Rapport should be established. Rapport is
characterized by mutual respect, cooperation, friendliness, sincerity and
mutual confidence.
 Unfolding the problem
Unfolding the problem means to arrive at the problem. Methods of unfolding the
problems are:
• Observation: Two things should be observed.
 Physical reaction of the client: It maybe in the form of bodily tension,
excitement or blushing
 Observation of clue for understanding the problem

• Listening: interviewer should ask important suitable and limited questions

should be well worded.
• Talking: problem can also be unfolded with the help of talking or mutual
conversation between the counsellor and counselee.
 Joint working on problem:
Here the counselee is taken into confidence, pros and coin are explained to him
and the situation is arrived at through joint efforts. The counsellor should
increase rapport with the help of the following techniques:
• Empathy: Show empathy to the client or counselee.
• Non personal References: Give non personal references about other person
who had similar problems
• Reference to counselee’s: Sometime start new topic for discussion by
referring to the statement made by the counselee.

• Approval: temporary approval of the action of the counselee should be given

in order to encourage the feelings.

• Closing the Interview: Interview should not be closed abruptly. See what the
client is satisfied and summaries the whole issue in a few sentences. Fix time
if there is need for another interview. Interviewer should see that he has
recorded all the necessary facts so that he can prepare a report.
 Evaluation:
Interview maybe evaluated under the following four heading and the point of
merits given above are kept in view:
• Regarding the setting of the interview
• Regarding the interviewer
• Regarding the interviewee
• Regarding the outcome of the interview.
 Follow-up
• The follow-up should be made to find out if the problem of the counselee has
been solved and if he is moving in the right direction.
• It is also essential for the improvement of the interview process on the basis
of results shown by it. This should be a continuous process.
 Advantages of Interview

• It is the most flexible and easiest way of understanding the individual as a

whole.
• It is natural like conversation.
• It can be used for variety of purposes.
• It help the counselee to understand himself sole his problems.
• Interview is relatively easy to conduct.
 Limitations of Interview

• It is time consuming
• It need expert which are generally not available
• It is placed in an artificial situation
• Depression may take place during the interview and
may spoil our results
• Sometime it is difficult to interpret the results of the interview
CASE STUDY
 Case study

The case study is an old method, which has been rediscovered and complex
process of modern counselling. ‘case study means systematic, complete and
intensive study of the pupil-his family background, his physical, social,
emotional and intellectual environment’.
 In preparing a case study the information is collected
from the following sources:

• Preliminary information: Name, age, sex, parent’s age, education,

occupation, income, number of children, social status, etc.

• Past History: condition of mother pregnancy , any incident, child’s

development after birth, physical, mental, emotional, social-illness, relation
between parents and other member of family, achievement of the child,
parents death, birth order, etc.
• Present condition: the information may be collected under the following
heads:

 Physical: Results of medical examination of any diseases.

 Medical: IQ, special abilities, general intelligence.
 Social: house environment, friend and their types, social environment in
school, home and neighbourhood.
 Emotional: Anxiety, fear, temperament, attitude, etc.

 Interest: Personal, social, vocational and special aptitude.

 School Achievement: position in school, failure, special achievement, etc.

 Steps involved in case study:

• Location of the case.

• Collection of data from pupils, parents, friends, teachers, headmaster, and
community at large.
• Analysis of data.
• Removing the causes
• Follow up of the case to determine the effectiveness of remedial or adjust
mental measure applied.
 Characteristics of a good case study:

• Completeness of data
• Continuity of data
• Validity of data
• Confidential recording of data
• Scientific synthesis and analysis of data
 Advantages of Case Study

• Bases for Diagnosis and Treatment: Case study clarifies diagnostic

relationships, removes point of discussion, thinking without reasoning and
faulty information and helps in knowing the difference in practical and
organic difficulties.
• Useful Research Technique of assessing the personality of an individual. It
supplies data about an individual and his general and specific characteristics.
• Suitable Adjustments: Case study is used as a method for specifically giving
assistance to students for making adequate adjustment.
 Limitations of Case study

• It is subjective technique.

• It is very time consuming technique.

• It is difficult to prepare case history. Parents and teachers, etc. may not
cooperate
• We need experts and trained persons preparing case history.

• It is very difficult to interpret the results objectively.

• In spite of these limitation case study is an important and useful technique for
collection of data.
 SUMMARIZATION
• Techniques of counselling

• Interview

• Case study
 RECAPTULIZATION
• True/ False
1. Interview is an informal conversation with a definite purpose. ( )
2. Focusing technique is used to eliminate vagueness in the communication. ( )
3. Case study is a objective technique. ( )
4. Unfolding the problem is the first step in counseling interview. ( )
• Fill in the Blanks
1. ______ is the first step required for establishing the therapeutic relationship.
2. ______ is conducted to determine the fitness of individual for particular course.
3. ______ behavior helps to understand the feelings and emotions of others.
4. ______ is used to highlight important points at the end of conversation .