CAMPUS

JOURNALI
SM
“In Journalism,
everybody can write,
but few can do it right.”
 UNIT 1 LINKING
JOURNALISM AND
THE CAMPUS PAPER

• Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts on Journalism

• Scope and Nature of Journalism

• Journalism versus Literature
• Tenets of Journalism
• Killers of Balanced Reporting
• Functions and Duties of the Press
• Limitations of the Press
 UNIT 1 LINKING
JOURNALISM AND
THE CAMPUS PAPER
Chapter 2 The Campus Paper
and Publication Staff

• The National Newspaper

• The Campus Paper
• A Brief History of Campus
Journalism
• Functions of Campus Papers
• Aid to Students
• Aid to School and Community
 UNIT 1 LINKING
JOURNALISM AND
THE CAMPUS
PAPER
• Chapter 2 The Campus
Paper and Publication
Staff

• Parts of the Campus Paper

• Parts of the Front Page
• Parts of the Editorial Page
• The Sports Page
• Selection of the
Publication Staff
• Duties and Responsibilities
of the Publication Staff
Chapter 1-
Foundational
Concepts on
Journalism

SCOPE AND NATURE OF JOURNALISM

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Identify the tenets of journalism

Name the functions of and duties of the press
Compare and contrast journalism and
literature
Explain freedom of the press
Critic the strengths and weaknesses of select
articles
Scope and Nature of
Journalism
 Where there is media,
journalism exists.

• The tools of communication

and technology:
• 1) Television
• 2) Printed media
• 3) Radio
• 4) Internet
 What is Journalism?

• Journalism is concerned primarily

with the collection and
dissemination of news through
the print media as well as the
electronic media (http://entrance-
exam.net/scopeofjournalism/).
 1) reporting

2) writing

3) editing
Various 4)
areas of photographing
a. broadsheets
work
5) cable
casting news
items
b. tabloids
6) printed
media
c. newsletters

d. magazines
BROADSHEETS

Broadsheets – a
newspaper printed on a Examples: The New York
large format, typically Times, The Wall Street
22.5 inches by 36 Journal, The Guardian,
inches. Known for in- Manila Times, Manila
depth news coverage, Bulletin, Philippine Daily
serious tone, and long- Inquirer
form articles.
TABLOID

Tabloid – is a newspaper
printed on a smaller format,
typically 11 inches by 17 Examples: The Daily Mail,
inches. Often characterized The Sun, New York Post,
by sensationalized Abante, Bulgar, People’s
headlines, shorter articles, Journal, People’s Tonight,
and a focus on celebrity Pilipino Star Ngayon
news, gossip, and human-
interest stories.
NEWSLETTER 17

Newsletter – a periodical
publication containing
Examples: Company
information or news of
Newsletters, School
interest to a particular
Newsletters, Community
group of people. Can be
Newsletters, Church
printed or digital, and often
Newsletters
focuses on a specific topic,
organization, or community.
MAGAZINE 16

Examples: National
Magazine- a periodical
Geographic, Vogue,
publication containing
Sports Illustrated, Time
articles and illustrations,
Magazine, Metro
typically covering a
Magazine, Cosmopolitan
particular subject or area
Philippines, Candy, Yes!
of interest. Magazines
Magazine, FHM
often feature high-quality
Philippines, Vogue
photography and design.
Philippines
 18 Journalism comes from the Latin word
diurnal, which means daily. 19

Etymology That is why there is the word journal – a

of Journalism
daily register of one’s activities.

Hence, journalism is a communication of

day-to-day information whether through
sounds, pictures and words.
Few places where journalism may appear
include newspapers, magazines,
televisions, radios and the internet.
20

• A. Newspapers are the oldest and

most traditional format for the
inclusion of journalism. They are
regularly scheduled publications
containing news of current events,
informative articles, diverse
features and advertising.
 Newspapers

Newspapers played a large

role in the development of
During the 19th century, freedom of expression. Inside
American journalists relied on sources with the ability to
sensational stories that were “leak” stories to the press
used to excite or anger the often choose newspapers first
public, rather than to inform over any other medium due to
them. This form of journalism the perceived willingness of
became known as 21 “yellow their editors to expose
journalism.” corruption and lies among
otherwise respected
institutions.
 Magazines
• B. Magazines are publications
containing a variety of articles
that are generally published on
a regular schedule whether it
be weekly, monthly or
quarterly. They usually take a
much more relaxed format than
newspapers with a more
informal style to their writing.
• They are also usually focused on a
particular subject or area of
interest, whereas newspaper
articles can cover almost any
topic.

• First published in 1731 in London,

22 The 23 Gentleman’s Magazine
is considered the first general-
interest magazine. Its editor, 25
Edward Cave (who wrote under the
pseudonym 24 ‘Sylvanus Urban’),
was one of the very firsts to use
the term ‘magazine’.
 C. Television news
journalism, including
radio

It sometimes also includes such

additional material as sports
Television news journalism coverage, weather forecasts,
including radio is known traffic reports, commentary, and
as news broadcasting and other material that the
is published locally in a broadcaster considers relevant to
newsroom or by a the intended audience. Most major
broadcast network. television channels offer regular
news broadcasts throughout the
day.
 Internet communications
D. Internet communications have
excelled in the last decade or so, of
course, taking the way news is
published with it. There are now an
uncountable digitized number of
reputable and not-so-reputable sources
of information on the internet.
Everything from digitized versions of
the very newspapers that headed up
the first print media movements
hundreds of year ago, to independent
bloggers reporting their own stories
from the comfort of their own laptops.
Because of this, opinions are much
easier, and users can seek out the
Journalism
versus
Literature
• All journalistic ventures are
grounded on facts, on truth
and on actuality. Redundant as
it may, facts are the foundation
of all the ambits of journalism.

• Journalism and literature are

both forms of writing
consumed by the public and
have relative style. They may
be guided by set of rules.
 Literature Journalism

• It is based on the • It has main genres that

wandering imagination of include news, editorial
a writer. It is categorized and features.
into prose and poetry. • Journalistic genres follow
• Literature has a variety of the strict method of diving
forms and styles. ideas through paragraphs.
 Tenets of Journalism

Journalists are bound by strict

guidelines. Journalists have rights but
they must bear on shoulders the
duties to serve the interest of the
public.
1. Responsibility

• Journalists should always be aware of their obligations

to their readers to write the truth whatever it costs.
For this reason, journalists must be brave enough to
defend facts and the truth behind the news.

• In this sense, the journalists’ main responsibility is to

be the transmitter of veracity in any issue and that
they are liable not to the company but to the public.
2. Freedom of the Press
• As a basic right, freedom of
the press should be
safeguarded by the people
of media. Any topic under
the sweltering heat of the
sun may be written so long
as there is no infraction to
the existing laws of the
land.
 3. Independence

• Putting forward the life of one or

two persons by slashing the
welfare of the general public is a
clear violation of this tenet. It
therefore means that the services
of a journalist should be committed
to the interest of the general public
and not driven by the interest of
money called “envelopmental
journalism.”
 4. Objectivity, Truthfulness
and Accuracy
• Checking the veracity of data and
information before they are published
is an example of being accurate and
truthful. Since facts are the solid
foundation of journalism, media men
should not therefore conceal the truth
by fabricating facts and by publishing
misquoted statements and erroneous
statistics.

• Objectivity is simply avoiding conflicts

of interest on the treatment of the
articles and on the way arguments
• Partisan news and biased
interviews violate the ideals of
journalism; a journalist should
know the difference between
news and opinion. Readers and
journalists alike, believe that the
newspapers should be objective.

• Thus, reporters receive training

from those who know journalistic
rules and learn to resolve
whatever conflict they may have.
 Teel and Taylor (1983) as Stick to the facts
cited by Pangilinan (2012)
They suggested guidelines to attain Never insert your personal opinion
a balanced story whenever
journalists face controversial issues.

Be discreet in the use of adjectives

Avoid cheap shots

Somebody with something to say deserves a

forum
Assess your alliances. Remember that you
are an observer, not a participant.
Listen to your editor
 5. Fairness
• The whole point in advocating
objectivity is to be fair in presenting
information in any journalistic field.
Remember, the public will see the topic
according to the way journalists present
it. Hence, reporters should exercise
telling the truth and putting the
information in the right perspective.

• Reporters should always present both

sides of the coin, both sides of the
argument, both sides of controversial
issues. They should set both avenues for
the opposing parties to ventilate their
arguments and points of clarification.
• Journalists too must respect
the privacy of individuals
unless there is a warrant of
a public right. In case there
is a mistake, true journalists
should rectify the said error,
thus the errata in
newspapers.
Killers of
Balanced
Reportin
g
There are worthy
concepts that novice
journalists must be wary
about. Concepts that kill
balanced reporting must
be avoided.
 1. Yellow Journalism
• This is simply sensationalizing a story or an
issue. It is a type of journalism that presents
little or no legitimate well-researched news
and instead uses eye-catching headlines to
sell more newspapers.

• Techniques may include exaggerations of

news events, scandal-mongering or
sensationalism. Most showbiz stories are
grounded on this type of journalism which
appeals to the curiosity of the readers and
viewers.
2. New Journalism
• The new journalists expanded the
definition of journalism and of legitimate
journalistic reporting and writing
techniques. They also associated
journalism with fiction when they
described their work with phrases such
as “nonfiction novel” and “narrative
techniques of fiction.”

• In doing so, they ignited a debate over

how much like a noel or short story a
journalistic piece could be before it
began violating journalism’s
commitment to truth and facts. This
approach represents a return to the
roots of social reporting which was used
in Charles Dickens’ fiction.
 3. Advocacy Journalism
• This is a genre of journalism that unlike
propaganda, it is fact-based but supports a
specific point of view on an issue.
• Advocacy journalists are expected to focus on
stories dealing with corporate business practices,
government policies, political corruption and
social issues.

• Arguably, advocacy journalists serve the public

interest in a way similar to muckrakers or whistle
blowers. Most advocacy journalists reject the
supposed objectivity of the mainstream press as
a practical impossibility, and some others take
the position that the economic censorship
exerted by corporate sponsors is no different
from political censorship.
4. Stylistic
Journalism
• It emphasizes
imaginative, stylized
writing of stories and
considers newspapers as
the “literature of
immediate fact.”
 5.
Editorializing
• This is giving the
reporter’s opinion
rather than the fact. It
may also mean the
expanding of news
about an insignificant
happening to give
publicity to a subject.
 Functions
and Duties
of the Press
The roles and
primordial functions of
journalism and media.
• 1. The quality of the
newspaper must be
reflected in the
editorial policy. It is
more than just a
business because it
also reflects and
influences the life of
the whole academic
community.
• 2.
Newspapers
must have
integrity and
readers’
confidence.
• 3. Newspapers may
educate, stimulate,
assist or entertain. It
is therefore a moral
responsibility to
balance public
interest and the
gains.
• 4. The fundamental quality
of the newspaper rests on
the quality of the content
and the kind of editorial
product. It is responsible for
the rise of the readers’
educational level and
resurgence of an articulate,
active young generation.
• 5. Freedom of the press
encompasses
responsibility of the
newspapers. Freedom of
the press and
responsibility are
inseparable.
Responsibility of the
press means truth in the
news – truth tempered
with mercy, decency and
humility.
• 6. The press must
practice the principles of
journalism without bias
and self-interest.
Limitation of
the Press
• Pulitzer prize-winning author
David Broeder (USA Today,
August 12, 1987) as cited by
Pangilinan (2012), averred that
reports are flawed. Hence,
reports are not that complete
and may bear mistakes.
• The limitations of the press may
be traced upon the timeframe
within which an article should
be submitted for publication.
Remember that journalism
secures the freshness of the
information.
• When a journalist is in a hurry to
beat the deadline, he may not
have enough time to present the
story in as many perspectives as
a journalist should showcase.
• This implies that readers or the
information-consuming public
should judge very critically the
articles, the reports, including
the photos. Readers should
know how to ask questions that
are left unanswered, in the same
manner when journalists dig for
facts and additional information.
• Another limitation of the
press is its proneness to be
manipulated by the
powerful, the elite and the
politicians. Broeder (1987)
as cited by Pangilinan
(2012) pointed “…every
good politician will attempt
to work well with the press.
If you live in a country
where public opinion
ultimately decides public
policy, any politician who is
at all serious is going to try
to manage public opinion,
and that means working
with the press. So they all
do it.”
THE END