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The Periodic Table of Elements

The document provides an overview of the Periodic Table of Elements, detailing its history and the contributions of key scientists like Johann Dobereiner, John Newlands, Dmitri Mendeleev, Henri Moseley, and Glenn Seaborg. It explains the organization of elements based on atomic number and properties, as well as the significance of valence electrons and the classification of elements into groups and periods. The modern periodic law states that chemical and physical properties of elements exhibit periodic repetition when arranged by increasing atomic numbers.

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24 views17 pages

The Periodic Table of Elements

The document provides an overview of the Periodic Table of Elements, detailing its history and the contributions of key scientists like Johann Dobereiner, John Newlands, Dmitri Mendeleev, Henri Moseley, and Glenn Seaborg. It explains the organization of elements based on atomic number and properties, as well as the significance of valence electrons and the classification of elements into groups and periods. The modern periodic law states that chemical and physical properties of elements exhibit periodic repetition when arranged by increasing atomic numbers.

Uploaded by

asiulsampilo4
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Periodic

The Periodic Table


Table of
of
Elements: An Introduction
Elements:
An Introduction
Periodic Table
Periodic table is a tool
that allows us to predict
the chemical behavior of
the elements.

The manner by which the


Periodic table is organized
features relationships
between elements.
History of the Periodic Table
1817- Johann Dobereiner started grouping the elements with
similar properties into group of threes.
He Noticed that the atomic weight of strontium seemed to be
halfway of calcium and barium. He called his observation LAW
OF TRIADS.

It followed by his discovery of the triad of Halogens, which are


the lithium sodium and potassium.
History of the Periodic Table
1863-John Newlands- there were fewer than
60 elements. Newland proposed that
elements can be arranged using their atomic
weights with similar properties.

He observed that a regular interval within the


arrangement occurs as the properties of the
elements repeat every after eighth element.
He called this occurence the LAW OF
OCTAVES.
History of the Periodic Table
1869 DMITRI MENDELEEV- he wrote the book
The Principles of Chemistry.
He included an arrangement of more than 60
known elements according to their increasing
atomic mass. It also appears that pattern were
observed in their horizontal arrangement
because elements with similar properties
appears periodically. It was then known as the
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS.

He predicted the properties and mass of the


elements that were not yet discovered, he leave
spaces for them
Example: gallium , scandium and germanium
History of the Periodic Table
In the same year- Lothar Meyer- published his own
arrangement of the periodic tale of elements
according to increasing mass, similar to that of
Dmitri`s Work

Their work did not last long because more elements


were discovered. In which atomic masses of some
elements disagreed with the arrangement of
Mendeleev.
Why elements did not seemed to fall into the right place when
arranged according to the atomic masses?

It is because the sub atomic particles were still unknown.


History of the Periodic Table
1913- Henri Moseley - through his work his X-rays,
that atoms of an element have unique set of protons,
which is different from those of other elements.

He concluded that the atomic number is equals to the


number of protons. He arranged the elements
according to increasing atomic number rather than
atomic mass

His arrangement of featured how electrons are


arranged in each type of atoms with the development
of Quantum Mechanics
History of the Periodic Table
1940- Glenn Seaborg – last revision of
periodic table. When he discovered
plutonium. He discovered most of the
transuranic elements which led to the
repositioning of actinide and
lanthanides series.

He was awarded the Nobel Prized in


Chemistry in 1951. Element 106 was
named in his honor Seaborgium( Sg)
The Modern Periodic Table of
Elements
The modern periodic law states that
there is a periodic repletion of
chemical and physical properties of
the elements when they are arranged
by increasing atomic numbers.

In Modern Periodic Table of elements,


each element has specific symbol
composed of one or two letters. This
symbol is used interchangeably with
the elements name.
Arrangement
of Elements
ELEMENTS:
Elements- is a pure substance that made up of
only one type of atom. And these elements are
the building blocks of matter.
There is about 118 elements represented on the
periodic table.

Some of these are natural in origin, and some are


synthesized in laboratories.
Valence Electrons
Valence electron identifies the group , the valence shell
identifies the periods.

The electron configuration does not only determine


the properties of the elements as it dictates the
arrangement according to its atomic number.
It also points out the exact location of a particular
element in the periodic table.
The outer electrons of an atom which is involved in the
chemical bonding are called the VALENCE ELECTRONS
The s, p, d, f Blocks
The sub level block depends on the
outermost filled orbitals known as valence
shell . Elements that have s and p as their
valence shell are classified as representative
elements, where as d and f are known as
transition metals

S- block has configuration ns1 to ns2


P-block has configuration ns2nsp1 to ns2np6
d- block has configuration ns(n-1)d
f-block is referred as the rare earth metals.
Periods
The horizontal rows in the periodic table
are known as the periods.
The number of elements in a period
increases as you move the periodic table
because there are more subshells per
level as the energy of the atom increases

The elements in the same periods are in


the same valence Shell.
Groups
Elements that are in the same vertical
column of the periodic table share
similar properties. There are known as
the groups or families.

The elements that belong to the same


group have the same number of
valence electrons.
Group activity: Identifying
groups in the Periodic table
Group 1 – Alkali metals and Alkaline earth metals
Group 2- transition elements and inner- transition elements
Group 3- boron group and carbon group
Group 4 – nitrogen group and chalcogen groups
Group 5 – halogen and noble gas

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