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PRESENTATION OF GROUP 4 - MODULE 4 (2)

The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, detailing the concepts of oxidation numbers, electrochemistry, and the types of electrochemical cells. It explains the processes occurring in voltaic and electrolytic cells, including half-cell reactions and the principles of electrolysis. Additionally, it covers corrosion, methods of protection against it, and introduces the Nernst equation for calculating electrode potentials.

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Trương Phương Nguyên
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18 views

PRESENTATION OF GROUP 4 - MODULE 4 (2)

The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, detailing the concepts of oxidation numbers, electrochemistry, and the types of electrochemical cells. It explains the processes occurring in voltaic and electrolytic cells, including half-cell reactions and the principles of electrolysis. Additionally, it covers corrosion, methods of protection against it, and introduces the Nernst equation for calculating electrode potentials.

Uploaded by

Trương Phương Nguyên
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 4

COXIDATION
COXIDATION -- REDUCTION
REDUCTION REACTIONS
REACTIONS
AND
AND
TRANSFORMATION
TRANSFORMATION OF OF CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL
ENERGY
ENERGY

GROUP 4
MEMBERS

T.Anh M.Anh P.Nguye M.Th


n o
GROUP 4
THE OXIDATION
NUMBER
The oxidation number is a positive or negative number that is assigned
to an atom to indicate its degree of oxidation or reduction.
RULES FOR ASSIGNING OXIDATION
NUMBERS
RECOGNIZING REDOX
REACTIONS
The many reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from
one species to another are called oxidation–reduction
reactions, or simply, redox reactions.
• In a redox reaction, one species loses electrons while
another species gains electrons:
• A chemical species that loses electrons is oxidized, and
called a reducing agent.

• A chemical species that gains electrons is reduced, and


called an oxidizing agent.
ELECTROCHEMIS
TRY
• Electrochemistry is the study of chemical reactions that
result in the production of electric current, and chemical
reactions that occur when subjected to electric current.
ELECTROCHEMIST
RY
In most applications the reacting system is contained in a cell, and
an electric current enters or exits by electrodes. We classify
electrochemical cells into two types.

1. Electrolytic cells are those in which electrical energy from an


external source causes nonspontaneous chemical reactions to
occur.
2. Voltaic cells are those in which spontaneous chemical
reactions produce electricity and supply it to an external circuit.
Voltaic or Galvanic Cells Electrolytic Cells

Converts chemical energy to electrical energy Converts electrical energy into chemical energy

Produces electricity from a chemical reaction Induces chemical reaction from electrical energy

Redox reaction is induced from an external electrical


Redox reaction is spontaneous
energy source

Anode is the negative electrode Anode is the positive electrode

Cathode is the positive electrode Cathode is the negative electrode


HALF-CELL
REACTION
• Two chemical reactions occur in the cell, one at each electrode.
These are called half-reactions.

• The reaction at the anode is an oxidation reaction that releases


electrons. Those electrons then flow through a wire to the
cathode, where a reduction reaction takes place.
HALF-CELL
REACTION
• The amount of substance that undergoes
oxidation or reduction at each electrode
during electrolysis is directly proportional to
the amount of electricity that passes through
• the
Onecell.
faraday is the amount of electricity that
corresponds to the gain or loss, and therefore
the passage, of 6.022 x 1023 electrons, or
one mole of electrons.
1 faraday = 6.022 x 1023 e- = 9.65
x 10^4 C
• Faraday’s second law of electrolysis states
that if the same amount of electricity is
passed through different electrolytes, the
masses of ions deposited at the electrodes
are directly proportional to their chemical
equivalents.
• From these laws of electrolysis, we can
deduce that the amount of electricity needed
for oxidation-reduction depends on the
stoichiometry of the electrode reaction.
• The product of an electrolytic reaction
depends on the nature of the material
being electrolysed and the type of
electrodes used. In the case of an inert
electrode such as platinum or gold, the
electrode does not participate in the
chemical reaction and acts only as a source
or sink for electrons. While, in the case of a
reactive electrode, the electrode
participates in the reaction.
Definition
• Voltaic, or galvanic, cells are electrochemical cells in which
spontaneous oxidation–reduction reactions produce electrical energy.

• The two halves of the redox reaction are separated, requiring electron
transfer to occur through an external circuit. In this way, useful
electrical energy is obtained.
The construction of simple voltaic cells
• A galvanic cell has two half-cells. Each half-cell consists of a metal
electrode immersed in a solution containing the same ions.

• The two half-cells are connected by a wire.


• The circuit between the two solutions is completed by a salt bridge.
This can be any medium through which ions can slowly pass. It
contains a gel in which an electrolyte is present. The electrolyte
present in the salt bridge will neutralize the buildup of ionic charge in
• the cell.
A cell in which all reactants and products are in their thermodynamic
standard states (1 M for dissolved species and 1 atm partial pressure
for gases) is called a standard cell.
Corrosio
n
Corrosion is the gradual deterioration
of metals and other materials caused
by chemical or electrochemical
reactions with their environment.
For
examples:
The rusting of iron, which occurs when
iron is exposed to moist air. Rust is
formed when iron reacts with oxygen in
the air.
Pitting corrosion is a localized form of
corrosion that occurs when small cavities,
or pits, form in a metal surface.
Several methods to protect
metals from corrosion:
1. Metal plating with a thin layer of metal is less
susceptible to oxidation

2. Allow a protective fi lm, such as metal oxide, to naturally


form on the metal surface

3. Apply a protective coating, such as paint,.....


Nernst
The equation:
Nernst equation is used to calculate
At 25°C the Nernst equation is
electrode potentials, determine
usually written as follows:
concentrations and partial pressures .
Where:
•𝐸: is the instantaneous potential
•𝐸^0: is the standard potential
•𝑄: is the reaction quotient
•𝑅: is the gas constant, (8.314J/molK)
•𝑇: is the absolute temperature in K
•𝑛: is the number of electrons transferred
•F: is Faraday's constant, (96,485 J/Vmol e^-)
Relational
equation

Relationship between the standard


Gibbs free energy change, G^0, the
thermodynamic equilibrium constant,
K, and the standard cell potential, E^0
cell.
THANK YOU
BYE BYE

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