Lesson 15 - Urinary System
Lesson 15 - Urinary System
Renal
medulla
Adipose capsule
(perirenal fat)
Renal capsule
Pararenal fat
Renal
fascia
Renal Capsule
Renal capsule
• Tough fibrous connective
tissue layer that covers the
outside of each kidney
• Composed primarily of
collagen and elastin
Renal Cortex and Medulla
Outer cortex:
Forms the outer part of the kidney and projects into the
medullary region between the renal pyramids as Renal Columns
Contains RENAL CORPUSCLES (Glomerulus surrounded by
Bowman’s capsule), PCT and DCT
Extends into medulla between adjacent pyramids (Renal
columns)
Inner medulla:
Forms the inner part, consists of 8 to 12 RENAL PYRAMIDS
which contain straight tubules (Henle’s loops) and Collecting
tubules
Apex of the Renal pyramid called as Renal Papilla fits into the
Minor Calyx on which the collecting tubules open
12 renal pyramids (base toward cortex; apex – renal papilla
oriented medially),
Medullary rays: Striations from bases of pyramids to cortex
Renal Pelvis:
Upper expanded end of ureter
Divided into 2 or 3 major calyces
Subsequently divided into 2 or 3 minor calyces
Each minor calyx indented by apex of renal pyramid (renal
papilla)
About 142 liters
of blood
Renal
artery
Nephron
Renal Cortex
2 3
Production of
erythropoietin
The space where the nephrons 1
of the kidneys are perfused by:
3. Glomerular capillaries
Nephron
Nephron
Distal capsule
Proximal convoluted
Glomerulus
convoluted tubule (DCT)
tubule (PCT)
• The glomerulus is a tangle of capillaries.
Ureters: transport
urine from
kidneys to
urinary bladder
Urinary bladder:
temporary
Urethra: storage reservoir
transports urine for urine
out of body
Physiology of Kidneys
• Urine:
Glomerular
capsule
Glomerula
r capillary
Podocytes
Capsular
space
Step 1: Glomerular Filtration (Passive
Process) Hydrostatic
through
pressure forces fluids and solutes
Glomerular
capsule Capsular hydrostatic
Glomerula pressure (CHP) = 15
r capillary mmHg
Podocytes
Glomerular blood
hydrostatic pressure
(GBHP) = 55 mmHg
Capsular
space
Step 1: Glomerular Filtration (Passive
Process)
No reabsorption occurs from the glomerular capsule back into the
blood.
Glomerular
capsule Capsular hydrostatic
Glomerula pressure (CHP) = 15
r capillary mmHg
Podocytes
Glomerular blood
hydrostatic pressure
(GBHP) = 55 mmHg
Capsular
space
Filtration Membrane
Glomerular
Efferent capsular
arteriole space
Filtration
Glomerular membrane
• Porous membrane between capillary
the blood and the interior of
the glomerular capsule
Capillary
Capillary Fenestration
endothelium (pore)
Basement membrane Slit diaphragm
Foot processes
of a podocyte of
the glomerular
capsule
Capsular
space
Filtration Membrane
Molecules < 3 Water, glucose, amino
nm acids, nitrogenous
wastes
Filtration Membrane
Molecules < 3 Water, glucose, amino
nm acids, nitrogenous
wastes
Prevent loss of all
Plasma
water
proteins
to the capsular space
Glomerular Filtration Rate
(GFR)
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Myogenic mechanism
mechanism
Myogenic Mechanism
Increased blood pressure Decreased blood pressure
Vasoconstriction of Vasodilatation of
afferent arterioles afferent arterioles
Maintain normal
GFR
Extrinsic Controls Neural & Hormonal
Mechanisms
Sympathetic response
↓ Urine Vasoconstriction
Angiotensin
Aldosterone
• This is a selective
transepithelial process:
H2O and
solutes Transcellular route
Apical Basolateral
membranes
Peritubular
membrane Paracellular route capillary
H2O and
solutes
Tight junction
Transport across the Basolateral
Membrane
NaK
ATPas
Glucose
e
Na+
1 K+ 2
Apical
membrane
Basolateral
membranes Peritubular
capillary
↑ Na+
Tubular Reabsorption of Nutrients, Water, and Ions
Basolateral
Apical membranes
membrane Peritubular
capillary
Tubular Reabsorption of Nutrients, Water, and Ions
NaK
Glucose, amino ATPas
acids, e
some ions, vitamins
Na+
K+
K+
Basolateral
Apical membranes
membrane Peritubular
H2 O capillary
Passive transport
.
Tubular Reabsorption of Nutrients, Water, and Ions
Obligatory water reabsorption: Aquaporins are always present in
PCT.
NaK
Glucose, amino acids,
ATPas
some ions, vitamins
e
Na+
K+
K+
Basolateral
Apical membranes
membrane Peritubular
H2O capillary
Passive transport
.
Tubular Reabsorption of Nutrients, Water, and Ions
Facultative water reabsorption:Aquaporins are
inserted
in collecting ducts only if ADH is present
NaK
Glucose, amino acids,
ATPas
some ions, vitamins
e
Na+
K+
K+
Basolateral
Apical membranes
membrane Peritubular
H2O capillary
Passive transport
Tubular Reabsorption of Nutrients, Water, and Ions
NaK
Glucose, amino ATPas
acids, e
some ions, vitamins
Na+
K+
K+
Lipid-soluble
substances and ions Basolateral
membranes
Passive tubular reabsorption Peritubular
H2 O capillary
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
(PCT) Proximal convoluted tubule
The site of most reabsorption within
the nephron:
• Many ions
H2 O
Lipid-soluble substances
Various ions and urea
Paracellular
route
Reabsorption by PCT
Cells
Na+ 3 Na+ 3 Na+
Glucose, amino 2 K+ 2 K+
acids,
some ions, vitamins
K+
H2 O
Lipid-soluble substances
Various ions and urea
Paracellular
route
Nephron
Loop
Ascending limb:
water-impermeable
and solute-permeable
Descending limb:
water-permeable and
solute-impermeable
Nephron Ascending Limb
Loop
• The thin segment is passive to Na+
movement.
Distal convoluted
tubule
R ADH
H2O
Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting
Duct
Antidiuretic hormone Collectin
(ADH): g duct
Posterior
pituitary
gland
H2 O
Distal convoluted
H2O tubule
H2 O R ADH
H2O
Reabsorptive Capabilities
Aldosterone: Collectin
Cortex g duct
Na+
R Aldosteron
e
H2 O ATP Distal convoluted
K+ tubule
K+ Na+
ADP
Functions:increase blood
pressure and decrease K+
levels
Reabsorptive
Capabilities Atrial natriuretic peptide
↓ Blood volume
and blood
pressure
Reabsorptive
Capabilities Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone
Distal convoluted
tubule
↑ Ca2+ reabsorption
Step 3: Tubular
Secretion Afferent
arteriole
Efferent
arteriole
• Occurs almost completely in the PCT
+ (aldosterone effect).
H+ and NH 4+;
some
drugs
H2O
H+ and NH 4+;
some
drugs Na+, K+,
Cl
H2O Urea
H+ and NH 4+;
some
TA Regulated secretion
Na+, K+, L → K+ (by aldosterone)
drugs
Cl
Regulated reabsorption Regulated
(H2O (by ADH); Na+ (by secretion
H2O Urea aldosterone; Cl follows) and → K+ (by
urea (increased by ADH) aldosterone
)
•
Renal
Clearance
The renal clearance rate is calculated as:
C = UV/P
Glucose Glycosuria
Hemoglobin Hemoglobinuria
Erythrocytes Hematuria
Leukocytes Pyuria
Physical Characteristics of
Urine Color and transparency
• Clear Abnormal color
• (pink, brown, smoky)
• Pigment from
hemoglobin
breakdown
THE
END