CALCULUS

[A] DIFFERENTIATION
THIS IS THE LAST SECTION OF THE ADD MATH SYLLABUS
B INTEGRATION
 Differentiation

The rate at which a

function changes is called
the differential of the
function.
 When we differentiate,
we are finding the gradient
without using a diagram
The gradient is seen as an
expression hence called
gradient expression
Gradient using a
diagram
 inWithout differentiation we would
have to get graph sheet, use a
table of values to plot points.
 We would then have to draw a
tangent to the curve at the x
value given to get the gradient.
 With differentiation we will not
need to draw any graph
Steps necessary to differentiate

There are two steps to differentiate

First, we multiply the power of x by the coefficient and write

down the new coefficient in front of the x, then we subtract 1
from the power of x.
This new term is the gradient expression. There is a special
symbol that must be written in front.
Example with one term and the special symbol

y = x³ there is a
symbol to write
Differentiate the
when we dy/dx = 3x²
following
differentiate
dy/dx
Uniqueness of each term

If given the equation If given the equation With the steps used
y = 2x² then when it y =10x then when to differentiate y =
is differentiated differentiated dy/dx a (constant), the
dy/dx = 4x = 10 dy/dx= 0

NOTE WE WILL
NEVER WRITE ZERO dy/dx = 9x² - 10x +
y = 3x³ -5x² +7x +6
BUT INSTEAD WE 7
WRITE NOTHING
To find the
gradient
 To find the gradient we must
be given the x value.
 The gradient expression
must be in terms of x so if
we substitute the value of x
we will get the gradient
  Page 398 and 399 1- 40
questions
 1. y = 4x + 7 dy/dx = 4
5 y = 9x4 + 2x

 dy/dx = 36 x3 + 2
Practice  Question 12 y = 7x 3
+ 4x2 -3x
 dy/dx = 21x2 + 8x – 3
 20 y =5 +8x – 4x² dy/dx=
8 – 8x
 31 y = 1 -3x - x² A(1, -3)
 dy/dx = -3 -2x m = -3 -2(1)
m - -3 -2 m = -5
If given as f(x)

 If question is written as f(x) when we differentiate it we write the

symbol f´(x)
 21 a) page 399
 Differentiation
 When we differentiate, we found
the gradient expression. On the
left side is the symbol for
differentiation. This symbol change
to m which means that we are
finding the gradient. Now since we
need a value for the gradient, we
must substitute the value of x
given in whatever form it is given
 31 b
 You already differentiate so use
the new value of x to find the
gradient.
 m=1
 Gradient

 y = x³ - 4x² + 10 Find the

gradient at x = 1
 dy/dx = 3x² -8x
 Gradient = 3x² - 8x
 Gradient =3 -8
 m = -5
 Special symbol depending on
the name of the equation
given
 y= dy/dx
 f(x) f’ (x)
Practice given

 Page 398 and 399 1- 40 questions

 Question 2
 y = 3x² + 4x
 dy/dx =6x + 4
 Question 13
5F1 Practice given

 Question 33
 Dy/dx = 2x
 M = 2(6)
 M = 12

 Question 38
 Answer
 Dy/dx = -4 + 2x x =3

 M = -4 + 2(3) m=2
 Question 2 y = 3x² + 4x dy/dx = 6x +
4

 Question 6 f(x) = -2x + 5 f ’(x) =-2

 Question 13 y = 5x4 – 2x² - 3x + 7

dy/dx = 20x³ -4x – 3
 When we differentiate, we found the
gradient expression. On the left side is the
symbol for differentiation. This symbol
change to m which means that we are
finding the gradient. Now since we need a
value for the gradient, we must substitute
the value of x given in whatever form it is
given
Further practice

 Find the gradient at x =2

 F(x) = ½ (x² -3x)
 When the equation is written as f(x)
when we differentiate, we write on
the left side f’ (x) =
 f(x) =1/2x² -3/2x
 F’ (x) =x -3/2
 Gradient = 2 – 3/2
 Gradient = ½
 Number 33
 Y= x² -1 x =6
 Dy/dx = 2x
 M = 2 (6)
 M = 12

 Number 38
 M=
 Other equations where the terms are not separated by plus or
minus signs

Type 1. an equation where the expression is raised to a power

Type 2. An equation where you have two expressions multiplied

by each other
Type 3. An equation where the numerator is an expression, and
the denominator is an expression
We can differentiate these by using one of three rules

The three rules are CHAIN, PRODUCT and QUOTIENT

CHAIN RULE

 To use the Chain Rule the

equation must look like this
 y = (ax + b)ʰ
 We will differentiate using the
same two steps but because it
is
 Chain Rule there are additional
steps.
 We will then have 4 steps
Chain rule

Step 1 multiply the

Step 3 we now
power by the co-
Step 2 subtract 1 multiply by the Step 4 simplify your
efficient and write it
from the power differential of the answer
in front of the
expression
expression
Example of
Chain Rule
 y = ( 2x + 5)4
 dy/dx = 4(2x +5)3 . 2
 dy/dx = 8 (2x + 5)3
 page 411 question 21
Examples

 y = (3x +7)⁴ y=
3(7x – 8)⁴


 dy/dx = 4(3x +7)³ . 3 dy/dx =

12(7x – 8)³ . 7


 dy/dx = 12(3x + 7)³

dy/dx = 84 (7x – 8)³
5F1 practice
with Chain Rule
 Page 411 a mixture of
questions with different
powers
 Question 1a and 1 b
 question 3a
 Question 5a remember
to simply dy/dx = -(2x -
5)-2 . 2
 Question 7a
dy/dx = -2

( 2x -5)²
 y= (3x – 5)4 Examples
Product rule

 This is the second rule

 For us to use Product rule we must
have two expressions multiplied or a
term is multiplied by an expression
 The term or expression is called u
and the other term is called v
 We must then differentiate u with
respect to x and v with respect to x
 We then plug these into the formula
which is used for product rule
Formula
Example of Product
rule
 y = (3x² - 1)(4x + 7)
 u = 3x² - 1 v = 4x + 7
 du/dx = 6x dv/dx = 4

 dy/dx = u. dv/dx + v . du/dx

 dy/dx = 4(3x² - 1 ) + 6x (4x + 7)
 dy/dx = 12x² - 4 + 24x² + 42x
 dy/dx =36x² + 42x - 4
Product rule where one
of the two is a term

 y = 4x²(x – 3)
 u = 4x² v=x–3
 du/dx = 8x dv/dx = 1
 dy/dx = u dv/dx + v du/dx
 dy/dx =4x²(1) + 8x ( x –
3)
 dy/dx = 4x² + 8x² -24x
 dy/dx =12x² - 24x

 Page 404
Quotient

 Numerator is always u and the denominator is v

 dy/dx = v. du/dx – u . dv/dx
 v²
 This must be simplified to get maximum marks
 EXAMPLE
 y=x+1
 x+5
 u=x+1 v=x+5
 du/dx = 1 dv/dx = 1
Cont’d

 dy/dx = v. du/dx – u . dv/dx

 v²
 dy/dx = (x + 5)1 – 1( x + 1)
 (x + 5)²
 dy/dx = x + 5 –x – 1
 ( x + 5)²
 dy/dx = 4
 (x + 5)²
Quotient Rule
 Differentiate the
following
 y= 4x³
 x+7

 Page 406 number 6a)

Problems using the
rules and finding
the gradient
 Remember the differential
expression is the gradient
expression
 When we find the gradient
expression using one of the
rules, we then substitute the
value of x given
 The differential expression/
gradient expression when the
value of x is replaced it
becomes the gradient, so the
final answer is written as
 m = number and not dy/dx =
the number
Symbols

 If the equation begins with y = then to

differentiation we write dy/dx
 y=
 dy/dx =
 If the equation begins with f(x) then there is no
y so we write it as f´(x)

Stationary point

We can find the point where the curve turns without drawing
the curve.
The stationary point is the turning point.

In differentiation we can find the stationary point by equating

the differential expression to zero and find the value of x
We then substitute the x value in the given equation to find y
then write it as a point (x, y)
=
 Find the co-ordinates
of the stationary point
on the curve y= x2 -8x
-25
 dy/dx =2x -8
 2x – 8 = 0 find x
 x =4
 Point y = 16 – 32 -
25
 Turning point ( 4, - 41)
Nature of the turning
point
 We can after finding the turning point be able
to state if that point on the curve is a
maximum turning point, that is, it goes up then
turn back down or if it is a minimum turning
point ,that is, if it goes down then come back
up.
 We are therefore expected to differentiate the
differential to get the expression of value
which represents nature
 The first differential is dy/dx but
 the second differential is d²y/dx²
 This second differential can either be a number
or an expression
Cont’d

 If it is a number, we look at
the sign to decide if it is
maximum or minimum
 If the sign is a negative sign,
then at that turn the curve
has a maximum turning
point.
 If the sign is positive, then at
that turn the curve has a
minimum turning point.
 If it is an expression, you
substitute the x value of the
point and then you will get a
number with a sign in front
Stationary point
and the nature of
this point
 Page 427
 Question 11
 y = x³-12x + 5
 dy/dx = 3x²-12
 Stationary points 3x² - 12 = 0
3x² = 12 x² = 4 x = -2 or 2
 The points are y = (2)³ - 12(2) + 5
y = -11 8 – 24 + 5 point (2, -
11)
 The second point y = (-2)³ - 12(-2)
+5 y = -8 + 24 + 5 point (-
2 ,21)
 d²y/dx² = 6x (2 , -11)
minimum (-2,21) maximum
Stationary Point and
nature

 Further practice after doing question 11 as

example we will do question 12 and 14
 Note that all steps must be shown
 No unnecessary equal signs, your left side
should have what it should
 Always write the point(s)
 Find the nature by differentiating the differential
 Please practice and understand the concept
Equation of tangent to the curve

To find the equation of the tangent to the curve we must

differentiate the equation of the curve.
This is the gradient expression of the tangent

Place the x value in this expression and get the gradient of

the tangent
Use the point where the tangent touch the curve and the
gradient to find the equation of the tangent
Equation of
tangent to curve
 Find the equation of
the tangent to the
following curve at the
given point
 y = 1 – 4x + x² at (3,-
2)
 dy/dx = -4 + 2x
gradient = -4 + 2(3)
gradient = -4 +6

 2(x -3) = y + 2
 2x -6 = y + 2
 2x –y - 8 = 0
Equation of tangent to the
curve and Equation of the
normal to the curve

 This is showing the relationship between the

tangent and the curve.
 The normal is right angled to the tangent.
 This is like tangent and normal in coordinated
geometry
Equation of the Normal

Since it is
Use this gradient with
perpendicular then
the point where the
The normal is a line the gradient will be
tangent touch the
drawn perpendicular the negative
curve to find the
to the tangent. reciprocal of the
equation of the
gradient of the
normal
tangent.
  Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = 3x² - 8x + 9 at (3,

To find the equation

12)
 dy/dx = 6x – 8 Gradient of tangent = 6(3) – 8
 Gradient of tangent = 10 therefore gradient of normal = -1/10

of the normal or 


-1/10( x – 3) = y – 12

-1(x – 3) = 10 ( y – 12)

tangent 


-x + 3 = 10y – 120

-x – 10y + 123 = 0
 sin x

d/dx = cos x

y= cos x
Trigonometry
differentiation dy/dx = - sin x

y = sin x

dy/dx = cos x
 Quotient rule
 We can use this rule to differentiate an
equation with trigonometry
 Any rule can be used depending on what is
given
Product rule with
trigonometry
 F(x) = x sin x
 u=x v = Sin x
 du/dx = 1 dv/dx = cox
 F’ = u dv/dx + v du/dx
 F’ (x) = x Cos x + Sin x
 406 quotient rule
 404
 412 chain rule
y = sin² x

y = (sin x)²
Dy/dx = -2Sin x .
Cos x
Rate of change

 The rate of change is a rate that

describes how one quantity changes in
relation to another using time.

 To do this we are working with

differential of one quantity in relation to
time, the other quantity in relation to
time and relation of both quantities
Application using differentiation

 This must be seen as follow

 Relationship with area and time = relationship with area and radius
multiplied by relationship with radius and time
 A = πŗ²

 dA/dt = dA/dr . dr/dt

Rate of change
  Let us get the 3 parts needed for rate of
change

 If given the formula A = πŗ² we see

Further that the area is on the left and radius is on
the right
explanation  For rate of change we must show a
relationship between the area and time, a
relationship between the radius and time
and finally a relationship between the area
and the radius
 Let’s look at another equation
 V = l³
 For rate of change we must see a
relationship between volume and
time, a relationship between
volume and length and a
relationship between length and
time

 The formula is then

 Relationship between volume and
time = Relationship between
volume and length multiplied by
relationship between length and
time
 The formula is now
 dV/dt = dV/dl . dl/dt

 Let us do some questions

 Note the subject of the formula is written
first in relation to time.
 Differentiation of the subject with respect
to the symbol on the left side
 The last peace0
 The area of a circle is increasing at the rate of 2π cm²/s.
Find the rate of increase of radius when the radius is 7
cm

A = πr² dA/dt dr/dt dA/dr =2πr

dA/dt = dA/dr . dr/dt

Questions 2π = 2πr . dr/dt

2π/2π r = dr/dt

1/7 cm/s = dr/dt

 The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 24
cm³/s.
Find the rate of increase of the length of a side when
the volume is 64 cm³
Answer

V=lxlxl

Question 2 64 = l³ V = l³

l = 4 cm

dV/dl = 3l²

dV/dt =dv/dl . dl/dt

Cont’d

 24 =48. dl/dt
 24/48 = dl/dt
 dl/dt = ½ cm/s
 AN EQUATION USUALLY
WHEN WORKING
HAVE ONE SYMBOL ON
PROBLEMS INVOLVING
THE LEFT IS EQUAL TO
RATE OF CHANGE TIME
ANOTHER SYMBOL ON
MUST BE INVOLVED
THE RIGHT

Rate of
change THE FORMULA HAS 3
PIECES SO THE
EACH OF THESE
QUESTION WILL GIVE
SYMBOLS MUST BE IN
YOU 2 OF THE THREE
RELATION TO TIME
AND YOU MUST FIND
THE THIRD
 If the radius of a sphere is increasing at 2 cm/s. Find the
rate at which the volume is increasing when the radius is 3
cm.

V = 4/3 πr³ dv/dt = dr/dt = 2

dv/dr =4πr² dv/dr =36π

Question dv/dt =dv/dr . dr/dt

dv/dt =36π.2

dv/dt =72π cm³/s

Question

 The volume of a cone of height h is

πh³/12. If h increases at a constant
rate of 0.2 cm/s and the initial
height is 2 cm, express V in terms of
t and find the rate of change of V at
time t.
 V = πh³/12 dv/dt = dh/dt
= 0.2 cm/s
 dv/dh = πh²/4
 dv/dt = dv/dh . dh/dt
 dv/dt =π x 0.2
 dv/dt = 0.2π cm³/s
The radius of a circle increases at a rate of 5 cm/s. Find the rate of increase of the
area when radius of the circle is 4 cm

A spherical ball of ice is melting uniformly at a constant rate of 2πcm³/s. At what

rate is its radius decreasing when its radius is 3 cm

page 420 # 11, 12, 13 , 19 and 20

THE END OF DIFFERENTIATION

Question 20

 A metal cube expands due to it being heated. When the length of an edge of
the cube is 2 cm, the volume of the cube is increasing at the rate of 0.012
cm³/s. At this instant, what is the rate of change of an edge?

 V = l³
 dV/dl = 3l² dV/dt dl/dt
 dV/dt = dV/dl . dl/dt
 0.012 =12x
 0.012/12 = x
 0.001 cm/s = dl/dt
Question

 Ga spherical balloon of volume v = 4/3 Πr³ is being filled

Integration

 This is the reverse of

Differentiation
 When we differentiate, we
multiply and subtract but when
we
 Integration we add then divide
 Symbol ʃ dx
 Expression axʰ
 e always add c because we are
writing back the original
equation. We must note that
when we differentiate the
constant goes so if we are
writing the original equation
there is a high chance a
constant was there.
Type of integrals

Definite integral where you are given definite values for

x so when we integrate, we don’t write equation we put
it between parallel lines and get a value for the answer.

Indefinite integral we write equation with a plus c .

Where the left side is y = and the end of the right side
is +c
How to integrate

 To integrate we must have y = on the left side

 The next step is to add 1 to the power then divide by the new power
 The last thing is to add c
Practice

 Page 454
 Question 1
 Integration

 Integrating an expression with

more than one term is
integrating one at a time and
writing back the sign that was
given then plus c.
 Although you are integrating
each term, we only write one
plus c
 Page 456
 Practice Integrating with 1 or more terms
 Questions 2a and b and 9 a and b
Integrating trigonometry

to look at Integral of trigonometry we must look at the differential and integral

simultaneously.
d/dx sin x = cos x
the ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c

d/dx cos x = -sin x

∫ sin x = - cos x + c
To study it this way will help you remember both the differential and integral of
trigonometry.

 Page 461 practice integrating trigonometry question 9

Definite integral of trigonometry

 ∫0 π/2
( 5 sin x + 2 cos x) dx
 [ -5 cos x + 2 sin x]π/20
 [-5 cos π/2 + 2 sin π/2] - [ -5 cos 0 + 2 sin 0]
 [-5(0) + 2(1)] -[-5(1) + 2(0)]
 2+5
 7

 Page 463 19 and 20


Question 19a

 ∫π/30 3 Sin x – 2 Cos x dx

 [ -3 Cos x – 2 Sin x]
 [ (-3 Cos π/3 – 2 Sin π/3) – (-3 Cos 0 – 2 Sin 0)]
 [ (-3 (1/2 ) – 2 √3/2 ) –(-3(1) - -2 (0)]
 -3/2 - 2 √3/2 + 3
 -3 - 2√3 +3
2 2 1
-3 -2√3 + 6
 2
Question

Evaluate ∫π/2 π/6 ( 3 Cos x +

2 sin 2x ) dx

Find the equation of the

curve for which dy/dx =
4 and which passes

(x + 2)2

Through the point (2, 7)

Integration

 2 sin 2x
 -2 Cos 2x multiply ½
 - Cos 2x
Product Rule in relation to Integration 457

When we did differentiate any

this (3x² -7x)(6x +
differentiation, we equation that
4). For integration
had to use product looks like 3x³(2x
however
rule to + 7) or look like

brackets and then

we don’t use any
integrate each
rule, all that is
term please
required is to
remember to
expand the
always add c
Quotient Rule

 When we did differentiation, and the equation has a numerator and a

denominator we apply the quotient rule. For integration however we
will not use any rule.
 The expression is broken down into different fractions and simplified
then integrate each term. Please remember to always add c
 Page 458 question 8 and 9
 ∫ 5x4 – 3x² + 7 dx
 x²
 ∫ 5x4/x² - 3x²/x² + 7/x-² dx
 ∫ 5x² - 3 + 7x-2 dx
 y=5x3/3 -3x + 7x-1/-1 + c
 y = 5x3/3 -3x – 7/x + c
Integrals that  Integral that looks like chain rule it is an
expression raised to a power
look like chain  To integrate we will look at the expression
as one term and integrate as taught.
rule  We then differentiate the expression and
divide by the differential then add c
Chain rule in Relation to Integration

FIRST THING IS THAT WE INTEGRATE AS IF THE EXPRESSION IS A TERM ,THEN

WE DIVIDE BY THE DIFFERENTIAL OF THE EXPRESSION PLUS C 459
EXAMPLE

∫ (4X + 7)² DX

Y = (4X + 7)³/3 .1/4 + C

Y = (4X + 7)³/12 + C
Quotient rule

 In integration there is no quotient rule

 One is expected to rewrite the equation in fraction form and then
integrate each term page 458
 FOR INDEFINITE INTEGRAL WE ARE JUST FINDING THE ORIGINAL
EQUATION WITH + C AT THE END

WE WILL ONLY INTEGRATE ONE TERM AT A TIME SO IF THE GIVEN

Indefinite EXPRESSION TO BE INTEGRATED AS TWO EXPRESSIONS TO BE

MULTIPLIED OR A TERM AND AN EXPRESSION TO BE MULTIPLIED
WE WILL JUST REMOVE THE BRACKET OR THE 2 PAIR OF BRACKETS

integral AND INTEGRATE EACH TERM REMEMBERING TO PUT Y = ON THE

LEFT SIDE AND END THE RIGHT SIDE WITH + C

IF THE EXPRESSION TO BE MULTIPLIED HAS AN EXPRESSION AS

THE NUMERATOR AND A TERM AS THE DENOMINATOR THEN WE
BREAK THEM INTO SMALLER FRACTIONS AND SIMPLIFY EACH TERM
THEN INTEGRATE
Definite
Integral

 For definite integral we are finding

the value of the expression.
 We first integrate but instead of
writing y = we write a line from
North to South
 We then integrate and then place
another line after the c
 We then substitute the values of x
given
 The final answer will be a number
but not written as decimal
 page 463 question 8a example
 Now 9a)
Formulation of the
equation of the
curve
 To find the equation of a
specific curve we first
integrate the expression to
form a general equation.
 The question would have
given a point (x , y) we
would have to substitute it
in the general equation
which will give us the value
of c.
 This equation now becomes
specific.
 Page 466 Formulation of the equation of the curve
 Question 6 and 7
Integration
Area under the
curve
 To find the area under the
curve you will be given a
diagram with the region
requested to find the area of
the shaded region.
 This region is usually
enclosed with two values of x
which are substituted just
like finding the definite
integral but this time the
value has unit.
 You must write unit²

 Page 467 for example

Practice for area under the curve

 Page 470 questions 1a) 4a) and 4b) Area under the curve
Calculation

 If you are given the area

between a curve and a
straight line we must
 1. Integrate each of them
differently
 2. substitute values given
for each of them
 3. Then subtract the values
from each other.
 4. write unit²
Application of
Integration: Area
under a curve and
a straight line
 Are
Area under the
curve and the x -
axis
Volume of a solid
Revolution
 The volume of revolution is
the space that is created
when a curve is rotated
around the x axis.
 This area looks like a solid
and there is a special way
to do the calculation.
 The unit is unit3
Volume of a solid revolution
 Volume of Revolution for add math is revolving around the x axis only.
 The squaring of the expression must be done before integration
 The pi symbol is a part of this formula
 Let’s look at the steps and note, since it is volume, we must have unit
cub ed

 474 volume of revolution

 y= 2x
 Y = 2x
 π∫ (2x)² dx x=8 x=0
 π∫ 4x² dx
 Π[ 4x³ ]
 3
 Π 4 x8 x 8 x8
 3
 2048 π unit³
 3
Practice

 y = x² + 1 x =5 x = 0
 π∫ (x² + 1)² dx
 Π ∫ x4 + 2x² + 1 dx
 Π[ x5 + 2x3 + x
 5 3
 2140 π unit³
 3
Disk method
 The first thing we have to do is to
know the formula needed to find
the volume of revolution

 V=π
 The formula must have π and the
function given must be squared
before you integrate it. The
answer often has π in it and the
unit is πunits³

 There are times when you are

required to write your answer to 3
sig. fig. , if that is the case then
you must replace π with 3.14
Solid of
Revolution
 For add Math we are
only looking at the
solids formed around
the x axis.
 Since this is the
objective, we will
always use the x
expression squared
then integrate it.
 The final answer must
have πunit3
 The point P (3,7) lies on a curve for which dy/dx = 4x – 5.
 Find i) the equation of the tangent at P
 ii) the equation of the curve

 A curve is such that dy/dx = 15x² - 12x. Given that it passes through
(1, 3) find its equation. 3 marks
 P is the point (3,4) on the curve y = 3x² - 12x + 13. Find the
coordinates of the point of intersection of the normal to the curve
with the line x – 3 = 0 5 marks
 Ii) y = 2x² - 5x + c
 7 = 2 (3)² - 5(3) + c
 C= 4
 Y = 2x² - 5x + 4
 i) gradient expression= 4x -5 g = 12 -5 g=7 (3, 7)
 M(x –x) = y – y
 7( x- 3) = y – 7
 7x – 21 = y – 7
 7x – y – 14 = 0
 X–3=0
 -6y – x + 27 = 0
 ( 3, 4)
 A curve is such that dy/dx =15x² - 12x . Given
that it passes through (1, 3), find its equation

P is the point (3, 4) on the curve y = 3x² - 12x

+ 13. Find the coordinates of the point of
Questions intersection of the normal to the curve at P
with the line x – 3 = 0

A curve is such that dy/dx = ax -3 where a is a

constant. Given that the gradient of the normal
at the point (2, -1) on the curve is – 1/5 find the
value of a and the equation of the curve
Summary

 For differentiation
 1. Derivative of xn
 2. Derivative of a Multiple of
a function
 3. Derivative of a sum and
difference of two functions
 4. Derivative of Sin x and
Cos x
 5. Chain Rule
 5. Product Rule
 7. Quotient Rule
Cont’d

 Rate of change
 Stationary point
 Second derivative of a
function
 Second derivative test for
maxima and Minima
 Equation of tangent to a
curve and normal to a curve
Summary of
integration
 Integration of an Indefinite
Integral
 Integration of xn
 Integral of a Multiple of a
function
 Integral of a sum and
Difference
 Integral of a Product
 Integral of a Quotient
 Integral of (ax + b)n

Integral of Sin x and Cos x

Evaluation of a Definite Integral

Cont’d Formulating the Equation of a Circle

Area bounded by a curve and two lines parallel to

the y axis

Volume of a solid of revolution

Problems involving both integration and differentiation
 KINEMATICS IS THE BRANCH OF MATHEMATICS DEALING WITH THE MOTION
OF OBJECTS AND CONSIDERING ONLY THEIR MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO
SPACE AND TIME.

Using THE TERMS WE WILL USE HERE ARE

differentiatio
n and DISPLACEMENT

Integration to
work Physics VELOCITY

related
ACCELERATION
problems
TO USE DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION IN RELATION TO MOVEMENT
IS DONE UNDER A SUBTOPIC OF KINEMATICS CALLED VARIABLE MOTION
OF A PARTICLE
 To work problems using differentiation, integration and
kinematics we look at Displacement, Velocity and
Acceleration.

We write these terms in ascending order like this

Variable
motion of a
Displacement NOTE to move down we always
differentiate

particle Velocity

Acceleration NOTE to move up we integrate

 In mathematics at this level, we merely
use displacement, velocity and
acceleration as we move from one level to
the next

VARIABLE The unit for displacement is m

Motion of a
particle The unit for velocity is m/s

The unit for acceleration is m/s²

 Instantaneous rest means when the
velocity is zero

We interchange displacement with

Basic facts distance

from
We interchange velocity with speed
Physics

When we integrate velocity to get

displacement, c at this point is most
times zero.
 For us to move from
When we move from
displacement to velocity
displacement towards
we must differentiate
acceleration we are
the equation given that
moving down towards
represent the
acceleration.
displacement.
Differentiatio
n Then we can
After we differentiate it, differentiate the velocity
we change the dS/dt to v to get the acceleration
representing the velocity we will change dv/dt to a
=
Application of differentiation

 A particle moves in a straight line so that its displacement, s metres,

from a fixed-point O, at time t seconds, is given by s = t³ -4t² - 35t + 8,
where t >0.
 a) state the displacement when t =0
 b) Express i) its velocity, v m/s in terms of t ii) its acceleration, a m/s²,
in terms of t.
 c) Find the value of t when i) the particle is at instantaneous rest ii) the
acceleration is zero
 d) Calculate, for the particle, when t is 2 seconds i) its velocity ii) its
acceleration
A particle moves in a straight line so
that its displacement, S metres, from
a fixed point, O on the line is given by
the equation

Questions
S = 9t² - t³, where t is the time in
seconds. Find, for the particle a) its
displacement during the first 5
seconds b) its velocity when the
time is 6 seconds
A particle moves in a straight line so that its displacement, S metre, from a
fixed point, O on the line is given by the equation S = t³ -9t² + 15t, where t is
the time in seconds
Evaluate

A) the values of s where the particle comes to instantaneous rest

B) the velocity of the particle when the acceleration is zero

Answer

 A) Given the displacement s = t³ -4t² - 35t + 8 when t = 0 s = 0-0-0+8

 Displacement is 8 m
 B) s = t³ -4t² - 35t + 8 ds/dt =3t² - 8t – 35 v= 3t² - 8t – 35
 dv/dt = 6t – 8 a = 6t -8

 C) v= 3t² - 8t – 35 v = 0
 3t² - 8t – 35=0 factorise
 (3t + 7)(t – 5) = 0 t = -7/3 t=5
 instantaneous rest when time is 5 seconds the other time is rejected
Answer cont’d

Ii) Since a = 6t – 8 when a = 0 then 6t – 8 = 0 6t = 8 t = 1 1/3

The time is 1 1/3 second hence the acceleration is zero when the time is 1
1/3 seconds

d)Since v= 3t² - 8t – 35 when t = 2

v= 3(2)² - 8(2) – 35 v = - 39
The velocity is -39m/s when t is 2 seconds
ii) A = 6t – 8 when t = 2 a = 12 – 8 a = 4
Hence acceleration is 4 m/s² when the time t is 2 seconds
  A particle starts from a point O and
moves in a straight line so that its
displacement, s m, from O, t seconds
after leaving O, is given by s = t(t – 6)².
Question Obtain an expression for the velocity of
the particle in terms of t. Hence
determine the value of t when the
particle first comes to instantaneous rest
and find the acceleration at this instant
Solution

 S = t(t-6)²
 S = t³ -12t² + 36t
 Ds/dt = 3t² - 24t + 36
 V = 3t
 T = 2 or t = 6
 First instantaneous rest t – 2 sec
Cont’d

 Dv/dt =6t – 24
 A = 6(2) – 24 a = -12m/s²
  When we, from the order given is moving
up from acceleration to displacement, we
Integration are expected to integrate to move from
one level to the next, but we must find c.
Applications of integration

 A particle moving in a straight line passes through a fixed-point O. The

acceleration, a m/s², of the particle t seconds after passing O is given
by
 a = 6/5 t – 8. When the time is 5 seconds, the particle has a velocity of -
22 m/s
 a) Obtain an expression. In terms of t, for the velocity of the particle
 b) Find the distance travelled during the interval t = 1 to t = 2
 c When t = 3, calculate for the particle its
 i) displacement ii) velocity iii) acceleration
Answer

 Given a = 6/5t – 8 v =∫ a dt v =∫ 6/5t -8 dt

 v = 6 t² - 8t + c
 10
 v = 3/5 t² - 8t + c when t = 5 and v = -22 then
 -22= 3/5(5)² - 8(5) + c -22 = -25 + c c=3
 v = 3/5 t² - 8t + 3
Answer cont’d

 B) since v = 3/5 t² - 8t + 3 s = ∫ v dt s = ∫ 3/5 t² - 8t + 3 dt

 S = 3t³ -8t² + 3t + C
 15 2
 S = 1/5 t³ - 4 t² + 3t + c when t=0 and S = 0 then c = 0
 S = 1/5 t³ - 4 t² + 3t
 The distance traveled is t= 1 gives 4/5 and t = 2 gives 8 2/5 distance
can’t be negative
 Total distance 4/5 + 8 2/5 = 9 1/5 m
Cont’d

 C) i) the displacement s = 1/5t³ - 4 t²+ 3t when t = 3

 s = 1/5(3)³ - 4 (3)²+ 3(3)
 s = -21 3/5 hence displacement of the particle is -21 3/5 m NOTE
displacement can be negative, but distance is positive.
 ii) velocity v = 3/5 t² - 8t + 3 when t = 3
 v = 3/5(3)² - 8(3) + 3 v = -15 3/5 hence the velocity of the particle is
 -15 3/5 m/s
 Acceleration a = 6/5 t – 8 a = 6/5 (3) – 8 a = -4 2/5
 Hence the acceleration of the particle is – 4 2/5 m/s²
Application of differentiation and integration to displacement,
velocity and acceleration

 A particle P starts from a point O and moves in a straight line so that its
velocity, v m/s, is given by v = 8 + 2t - t², where t is the time in
seconds after leaving O. Calculate
 i) the values of t at the instants when the magnitude of the acceleration
is 1 m/s²
ii) the distance of P from O when t = 5
 iii) the distance of P from O when P comes to instantaneous rest
Answer

 v = 8 + 2t - t²
 dv/dt = 2 -2t
 a = 2 – 2t
 Since it is acceleration, it can be both positive or negative
 1 = 2 -2t -1 = 2 – 2t
 2t = 2 -1 2t = 2 + 1
 2t = 1 2t = 3
 t = ½ sec t = 3/2 sec
Cont’d

 Ii) ∫ v dt = s
 ∫ 8 +2t -t² dt
 S = 8t + t²- t³/3 + c [ note c is zero
 S = 8t + t²- t³/3
 When t = 5
 S = 23 1/3 m
 Iii v =0 -t²+2t + 8 = 0 instantaneous rest
 9 t – 4)(-t -2) = 0 at rest t = 4 sec
 Integrate the velocity
 S = 8t + t² - t³/3 s = 80/3 m
 V = t²- 2t = 4 sec
 iv)
Pass paper question

 A particle moves in a straight line with acceleration given by a = (5t -1)

m/s² at any time t seconds. When t = 2 seconds, the particle has
velocity 4 m/s and is 8 m from a fixed - point O. Determine
 i) its velocity when t = 4
 ii) its displacement from O when t = 3
Answer

 a= 5t -1
 v =∫ 5t – 1 dt
 v = 5t² - t + c
 2
 4 = 10 – 2 + c
 4–8=c
 -4=c
 v = 5/2 t² - t -4
 V = 40 – 4 – 4 v = 32 m/s
Answer cont’d

 To find the displacement integrate the velocity

 v = 5/2 t² - t -4
 ∫v=s s = 5/6 t³ - t²/2 – 4t + c
 To find c we must use 8m and 2 sec given in the question
 8 = 5/6(2)³ -(2)²/2 -4(2) + c
 8 =40/6 – 2- 8 + c
 18 – 20/3 = c c = 34/3
 S = 5/6 t³- t²/2 – 4t + 34/3
 S = 5/6(3)³ - (3)²/2 -4(3) + 34/3 s = 52/3 m
Another question

 A particle moves in a straight line with acceleration given by a = (6t -1)

m/s² at any time t seconds. When t = 2 seconds, the particle has
velocity 4 m/s and is 8 m from a fixed - point O. Determine
 i) its velocity when t = 4
 Ii) its displacement from O when t = 3
Question

 A particle starts from rest at O and moves in a straight line with an

acceleration a m/s² given by a = 6 –t, where t is the time in seconds
since leaving O. The particle comes to instantaneous rest at A. Find
 i) the time taken for the particle to reach A
 ii)_the distance OA
iii) the maximum speed of the particle during its motion from O to A