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FT - 160990109006 - Dielectics & Capacitance, Nature of Dielectric Material, Boundary Conditions of Dielectric, Capacitance, Examples

The document covers fundamental concepts related to dielectrics, capacitance, and current conduction, including properties of materials, types of currents, and boundary conditions for dielectrics. It discusses the relationship between current density and charge density, as well as the characteristics of perfect conductors and the principles of capacitance. Additionally, it provides formulas for calculating capacitance in various configurations, such as cylindrical and spherical capacitors.

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richa.dubey
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15 views31 pages

FT - 160990109006 - Dielectics & Capacitance, Nature of Dielectric Material, Boundary Conditions of Dielectric, Capacitance, Examples

The document covers fundamental concepts related to dielectrics, capacitance, and current conduction, including properties of materials, types of currents, and boundary conditions for dielectrics. It discusses the relationship between current density and charge density, as well as the characteristics of perfect conductors and the principles of capacitance. Additionally, it provides formulas for calculating capacitance in various configurations, such as cylindrical and spherical capacitors.

Uploaded by

richa.dubey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FIELD AND THEORY

Name : Palak Anil Pawar


Enrollment no. 160990109006
Branch :EE ( 4th sem)
Topics
Dielectric and capacitance
Nature of dielectric material
Boundary conditions for perfect dielectric
material
Capacitance
Types of capacitance
Properties of material
 Homogeneous : If the characteristics of
material do not depend on position (x,y,z) ,the
material is said to be homogeneous.
 Isotropic : If the characteristics of the material
are independent of direction of the factor field ,
the material is said isotropic.
 Linear : If the parameters of material do not
depend on the magnitude of the field quantities
then the material is linear .
 Frequency dependent : In general the
parameters of material may be frequency
dependent.for example the permittivity of
polystyrene depands slightly on frequency.
Current conduction

Conduction current

 It requires conductors .
 It satisfies ohm’s law.
 Current through any conductor is of this type .
Current convection

Convection current
 It does not involve conductor.
 So does not satisfy ohm’s law.
 This current flows through insulating medium
such as liquid, gas or vacuum .
 WellWell known example is a vacuum tube which
electrons emitted by cathode flows side in a
vacuum.
Relationship between j’ ,
ꝭv and v'
.
Current density
 We define the current density (current per unit
area) – this is a convenient concept for relating
the microscopic motions of electrons to the
macroscopic current

 if the current is not uniform.


 If ‘Qi’ is the charge inside the closed surface,
then the current through closed surface given
by,

 Here it is assumed that only ‘ρv ’ is changing


w.r.t time and ‘dv ’Is not changing. This effect is
obtained by changing normaldifferentiation to
partial differentiation. Hence we have,
Important formula of
current density
.
Relaxation time

 Thus the charge density at any point decays


exponentially with a time constant, called the
Relaxation Time.

Relaxation Time = Є/σ


The continuity equation
for current
 The current through the close surface is Given
by,

........
(1)

 According to closed surface conservation of


charge, the outward flow of positive charge
must be balanced by a decreases of positive
charge within the closed surface. If Qi is the
charge inside the closed surface, then the rate
is decrease is - dQi / dt

......
 According to divergence theorem,

Now the charge enclosed Q can be expressed in


terms of volume.
 So, from equation (1),(2)
 Here, Ꝭv is changing w. r. t time and do is not
changing. This effect is obtaied by changing
normal differentiation to partial differentiation.
Properties of perfect
conductor
 Within a conductor, charge or charge density is
zero and a surface charge density is present on
outer surface of conductor.
 Electric field intensity within a conductor is zero.
 The tangential component of external electric
field intensity as well as electric flux density s
zero.
 The conductor surface is equipotential surface.
 The normal surface component of electric flux
density is equal to the surface charge density on
the conductor surface.
Electostatics boundary
conditions
 Dielectric - dielectric interface

Let us consider two semi infinite electric media


separated bye a plane boundary and having
contents €1 and €2 of two mediums.

A) Tangential component :

Consider rectangular path of

length Δy and ΔX and place

half in each medium to the


We know that,

Applying this is to rectangular path

If we let side be =da=0, their contribution to the


line integral of E'around the path be neglected,
we have,

Or, Et1 = Et2


B) Normal component :
Consider a small box half in

each medium with its top

face is in medium 1 and

bottom face is in medium 2

The box having area ΔxΔy and height Δz.

Applying Gauss law to box


When the boundary plane has charge density, the
area ofcolane enclosed bybbox is ΔxΔy.

Now chance enclosed,

Therefore,

....(1)

The left hand side is determined as :

....(2)

If height of box vanishingly small, the


For top surface,

.(3)

This,

and

Putting values of integral in equation (3 )and using


equation (1)

We get, Dn1 ΔxΔy -- Dn2 ΔxΔy =


CAPACITANCE
 To store charge

 To store energy

 To control
variation time
scales in a circuit
• Capacitance:

When a capacitor is charged, its plates have charges of equal magnitudes but opposite signs: q+ and
q-. However, we refer to the charge of a capacitor as being q, the absolute value of these charges on
the plates.
The charge q and the potential difference V for a capacitor are proportional to each other:

The proportionality constant C is called the capacitance of the capacitor. Its value depends only on
the geometry of the plates and not on their charge or potential difference.

The SI unit is called the farad (F): 1 farad (1 F)= 1 coulomb per volt =1 C/V.
Calculating the capacitance
Capacitor : cylindrical
capacitance
As a Gaussian surface, we choose a
cylinder of length L and radius r, closed
by end caps and placed as is shown. It is
coaxial with the cylinders and encloses
the central cylinder and thus also the
charge q on that cylinder.
.
Capacitor :spherical
capacitance
Capacitance : isolated
sphere
 We can assign a capacitance to a single isolated
spherical conductor of radius R by assuming that the
“missing plate” is a conducting sphere of infinite
radius.
 The field lines that leave the surface of a positively
charged isolated conductor must end somewhere;
the walls of the room in which the conductor is
housed can serve effectively as our sphere of infinite
radius.
 To find the capacitance of the conductor, we first
rewrite the capacitance as:

 Now letting b→∞, and
Capacitor in parallel
Capacitors in Series:
Example, Capacitors in Parallel and in Series:
Example, Capacitors in Parallel and in Series:
THANK YOU

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