Lecture 5-6

Load flow
 Power Equations
• Power flow equations between bus i and bus j

• Power injected to bus i

 Power flow equations
between bus i and bus j
i j
Sij

Vi Vj

Pij V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )  V i 2Y ij cos(ij )

Q ij  V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )  V i 2Y ij sin(ij )

Pij Pji Q ij Q ji
Pij  Pji Plosses Q ij  Q ji Q losses
 Power injected to bus i
i
Ii
Si
Vi
b
Pi  V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )
j 1
b
Q i   V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )
j 1
Load Flow Techniques
1. Gauss Seidel
2. Accelerated Gauss Seidel
3. Newton Raphson
4. Fast Decoupled load flow
5. Dc load flow
 Gauss Seidel
• At P-Q Bus: P& Q given
|V| & δ Unknowns

S Pi  jQ i  
Ii   ki
1  b
 
V V i   ik
i
k 1
Vi 

Y ii 
Ii   Y V
ij j 
j 1 
 j i 
b
Pi calculated
 V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )
j 1

Pi  Pi calculated
 Pi given
• At P-V Bus: P& |V| given
Q & δ Unknowns
b
Qi calculated
  V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )
j 1

S i Pi  jQ i
Ii   
Vi V i  ik

 b

1    V  k 1 V
k 1
Vi 
Y ii 
Ii   Y V
ij j  i i i given
 ik 1
j 1 
 j i 
b
Pi calculated
 V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )
j 1

Pi  Pi calculated
 Pi given
 P2 
 P 
 3
 
 
 Pi  Select max. mismatch
 
 
 Pb  If max. mismatch <= accuracy

If Yes stop
If No
go to
2nd iteration
Test example
Gauss Seidel
3-buses
System
 1
3

2
Data of the elements:

element Start end R X Y

1 1 2 0.02 0.0400 0
2 1 3 0.01 0.0300 0
3 2 3 0.0125 0.0250 0

Data of busbars:

Bus |V| σ Pg Qg PL QL Type

1 1.05 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 4 2.5 1
3 1.04 0 2 0 0 0 2
Ybus=
20 -50i -10+20i -10 +30i
-10 +20i 26 -52i -16 +32i
-10 +30i -16 +32i 26 -62i

Ybus (magnitude) =
53.8516 22.3607 31.6228
22.3607 58.1378 35.7771
31.6228 35.7771 67.2309

Ybus(angle)=
-68.1986 116.5651 108.4349
116.5651 -63.4349 116.5651
108.4349 116.5651 -67.2490
 Accelerated Gauss Seidel
• At P-Q Bus: P& Q given
|V| & δ Unknowns

 b

S Pi  jQ i 1  
Ii 
V
 k i

V i   ik
k 1
Vi 

Y ii 
Ii   Y V
ij j 
i j 1 
 j i 
V i k 1
accelerated

V i k    V i k 1  V i k 
• Where α is the acceleration coefficient
b
Pi calculated
 V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )
j 1

Pi  Pi calculated
 Pi given
• At P-V Bus: P& |V| given
Q & δ Unknowns
b
Qi calculated
  V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )
j 1

S Pi  jQ i
Ii   i

V V i   ik
i

 b

1    V  k 1 V
k 1
Vi 
Y ii 
Ii   Y V
ij j  i i i given
 ik 1
j 1 
 j i 
V i k 1
accelerated
V i given
 ik    V i  given
 ik 1  V i given
 ik 
b
Pi calculated
 V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )
j 1

Pi  Pi calculated
 Pi given
 P2 
 P 
 3
 
 
 Pi  Select max. mismatch
 
 
 Pb  If max. mismatch <= accuracy

If Yes stop
If No
go to
2nd iteration
 Test example
Accelerated Gauss Seidel
3-buses
System
 1
3

2
Data of the elements:

element Start end R X Y

1 1 2 0.02 0.0400 0
2 1 3 0.01 0.0300 0
3 2 3 0.0125 0.0250 0

Data of busbars:

Bus |V| σ Pg Qg PL QL Type

1 1.05 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 4 2.5 1
3 1.04 0 2 0 0 0 2
Ybus=
20 -50i -10+20i -10 +30i
-10 +20i 26 -52i -16 +32i
-10 +30i -16 +32i 26 -62i

Ybus (magnitude) =
53.8516 22.3607 31.6228
22.3607 58.1378 35.7771
31.6228 35.7771 67.2309

Ybus(angle)=
-68.1986 116.5651 108.4349
116.5651 -63.4349 116.5651
108.4349 116.5651 -67.2490
Thanks……