Materials Science

&
Engineering
What is materials?
• Materials are enabling? materials make things
happen. For example, in the history of civilization,
materials such as stone, iron, and bronze played a key
role in mankind’s development. In today’s fast-paced
world, the discovery of silicon semiconductors and an
understanding of their properties have enabled the
information age.
Materials Science and Engineering
• is a disciplinary field of science and
engineering that studies and manipulates
the composition and structure of
materials across length scales to control
materials properties through synthesis
and processing
Terminology of materials
• Composition means the chemical make-up of a
material.
• Structure means a description of the arrangement
of atoms, as seen at different levels of detail.
Materials scientists and engineers not only deal
with the development of materials, but also with
the synthesis and processing of materials and
manufacturing processes related to the production
of components
• The structure at the microscopic scale is known as
Terminology of materials
• Synthesis: the term refers to how
materials are made from naturally
occurring or man-made chemicals.
• The term “processing” means how
materials are shaped into useful
components to cause changes in the
properties of different materials.
What is the difference between
material science and engineering ?
• In materials science, the emphasis is on
the underlying relationships between the
synthesis and processing, structure, and
properties of materials.
• In materials engineering, the focus is
on how to translate or transform
materials into useful devices or
structures.
Materials science and engineering tetrahedron

• Let’s look at sheet steels used in the manufacture of car

chassis.
• What are the required properties? In the manufacture of
automobile chassis, a material is needed that possesses
1. extremely high strength.
2. formed easily into aerodynamic contours(the study of
forces and the resulting motion of objects through the air.).
3. fuel efficiency, so the sheet steel must also be thin and
lightweight.
4. The sheet steels also should be able to absorb significant
amounts of energy in the event of a crash, thereby
increasing vehicle safety.
cont
• Materials scientists would examine steel at a microscopic level
to determine if its properties can be altered to meet all of these
requirements. They also would have to consider the cost of
processing this steel along with other considerations.
• How can we shape such steel into a car chassis in a cost-
effective way?
• Will the shaping process itself affect the mechanical properties
of the steel?
• What kind of coatings can be developed to make the steel
corrosion resistant?
• In some applications, we need to know if these steels could be
welded easily. From this discussion, you can see that many
issues need to be considered during the design and materials
selection for any product.
Materials science and engineering tetrahedron

Application of the tetrahedron of materials science and engineering to sheet steels for automotive chassis.
Note that the composition, microstructure, and synthesis-processing are all interconnected and affect the
performance-to-cost ratio
Classification of materials
• According to the types
Classification of materials
• According to their functionality
Classification of solid materials
• Solid materials are classified into:
• Metals, ceramics, & polymers.

• Metals: Materials in this group are composed of

one or more metallic elements (such as iron,
aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel),
and often also nonmetallic elements (for example,
carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small
amounts.
Properties of metals:
1. Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in
a very orderly manner.
2. in comparison to the ceramics and polymers,
are relatively dense
Properties of metals:
3. Good conductors of electricity and heat because
of large non localized electrons that is electrons
are not bound to particular atoms.

4. metals are opaque (not transparent to light) a

polished surface metals have lustrous
appearance.

5. Some metals have desirable magnetic

Mechanical properties of metals:

6. Metals are Relatively Stiff i.e. resistance to

bending.
Mechanical properties of metals

7. Metals are strong (strength) i.e. they have high

resistance to fracture under tensile force. (diagrams are not
required)
Mechanical properties of metals:

8. Ductile: metals are capable of large amount of

deformation with out fracture. Metals can be
forged, rolled, drawing, ….etc. due to their
ductility.
9. High resistance to fracture. (resistance to crack
propagation.
Applications of metals:

• Ring <=made of gold.

• Scissor, Knife <= appearance, strong ( high
resistance to fracture during usage), ease of
casting to desirable shapes.
• Screw and nuts <= ductility (can be easily
turned to make teethes), strong ( high
resistance to fracture during fasting).
• Gear <= ductile in the inner core, high
hardness at the surface
• Pins <= ????
Ceramics & properties:
• Ceramics are compounds between metallic and
nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently
oxides, nitrides, and carbides. For example,
some of the common ceramic materials include
aluminum oxide (or alumina,Al2O3), silicon dioxide
(or silica, SiO2), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride
(Si3N4), and, in addition, what some refer to as the
traditional ceramics—those composed of clay
minerals (i.e., porcelain), as well as cement, and
glass.
Mechanical Properties of ceramics:
1. ceramic materials are relatively stiff and strong—
stiffness and strengths are comparable to those
of the metals.

2. ceramics are typically very hard (resistance to

penetration).

3. they are extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are

highly susceptible to fracture
Physical properties of ceramics
4. These materials are typically insulative to
the passage of heat and electricity (i.e.,
have low electrical conductivities.
Physical properties of ceramics:

5. High melting temperature so ceramics are more resistant to high

temperatures and harsh environments than metals and
polymers.
6. and some of the oxide ceramics (e.g., Fe3O4) exhibit magnetic
behavior.
7. With regard to optical characteristics, ceramics may be
transparent, translucent, or opaque.
 Applications of ceramics:

• Fire brick <= high melting temperature.

• Vas <= transparent, appearance.
• Cup <= thermal insulation, appearance.
• Scissor <=high hardness(ease to cut).
• Slab <= appearance, cost, low weight (ease of
handling and working), resistance to water, high
hardness (resistance to scratch),
Thanks
Polymers and applications:
• Polymers: Polymers include the familiar plastic, skin,
enzymes and rubber materials. Many of them are
organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon,
hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements (O,N, and Si)

• The term polymer is consists of poly (many) and mer

“Mer” originates from the Greek word meros, which
means part; the term polymer was coined to mean
“many mers.”
Properties of polymers:

• they have very large molecular structures, often chain-like in

nature that have a backbone of carbon atoms. Some of the
common and familiar polymers are polyethylene (PE), nylon,
poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS),
and silicone rubber
Properties of polymers:
1. Low stiffness and strength.
2. Extremely ductile and plastics which means they can be
formed into complex shapes.
3. they are relatively inert chemically and unreactive in a
large number of environments.
4. One major drawback to the polymers is their tendency to
soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures, which,
in some instances, limits their use.
5. they have low electrical conductivities and are
nonmagnetic.
6. Low density in compare to metals and ceramics.
Applications of polymers:

• What are you ideas about

polymers and their
applications?
Composite materials
• Material property combinations and ranges have
been, and are yet being, extended by the development
of composite materials,According to this principle of
combined action, better property combinations are
fashioned by the judicious combination of two or
more distinct materials. Property trade-offs are also
made for many composites.
Composite materials
• Many composite materials are composed of just two phases; one is
termed the matrix, which is continuous and surrounds the other phase,
often called the dispersed phase.
• The properties of composites depends on:
1. the properties of the constituent phases.
2. their relative amounts.
3. the geometry of the dispersed phase.
• “Dispersed phase geometry” in this context means the shape of the
particles and the particle size, distribution; these characteristics are
represented in Figure.
Applications of composites
Why composite
The primary reason composite materials are chosen for
components is because of weight saving for its relative
stiffness and strength. For example, carbon-fibre reinforced
composite can be five times stronger than 1020 grade steel
while having only one fifth of the weight. Aluminium (6061
grade) is much nearer in weight to carbon-fibre composite,
though still somewhat heavier, but the composite can have
twice the modulus and up to seven times the strength.
Types of composites
Important type of fibers
• Glass Fiber : contains silica SiO2 as a main ingredient
• Glass fiber also called fiberglass. It is
material made from extremely fine fibers of
glass. Fiberglass is a lightweight, extremely
strong, and robust material. Its bulk strength
and weight properties are also very favorable
when compared to metals, and it can be
easily formed using molding processes.
Carbon fiber
• are the new breed of high strength materials made of
graphitic. Of all reinforcing fibers, carbon fibers offer the
highest specific modulus and strength. Additionally, carbon
fibers have the ability to retain its tensile strength even at
high temperatures and are independent of moisture, Carbon
fibres also offer high electrical and thermal conductivities
with relatively low coefficient of thermal expansion. This
innate property of carbon fibers makes them ideal for
applications in aerospace, electronics and automobile sectors.
Types of reinforcement
Types of reinforcemnent
 Sandwich panels
A sandwich panel is any structure
made of three layers: a low-density
core (PIR, mineral wool, XPS), and
a thin skin-layer bonded to each
side. Sandwich panels are used in
applications where a combination of
high structural rigidity and low
weight is required.
Atomic structure:
• quantum mechanics: a set of principles and
laws that govern systems of atomic and
subatomic entities. And understanding of the
behavior of electrons in atoms and crystalline
solids.
• One early outgrowth of quantum mechanics
was the simplified Bohr atomic model, in which
electrons are assumed to revolve around the
atomic nucleus in discrete orbitals, and the
position of any particular electron is more or
less well defined in terms of its orbital.
 Crystal structure:
• Solid materials may be classified
according to the regularity with
which atoms or ions are arranged
with respect to one another to

1. crystalline material is one in

which the atoms are situated in a
repeating or periodic array over
large atomic distances; that is,
long-range order exists, such that
upon solidification, the atoms will
position themselves in a repetitive
three-dimensional pattern, in which
 Crystal structure:

2. Non crystalline solids lack a systematic and regular

arrangement of atoms over relatively large atomic distances. Sometimes
such materials are also called amorphous (no arrengment), or super
cooled liquids, inasmuch as their atomic structure resembles that of a
liquid.
 Metallic Crystal structure:

1. body-centered cubic (BCC): The crystal structure found for

many metals has a unit cell of cubic geometry. with atoms
located at all eight corners and a single atom at the cube center.

• Number of atoms per BCC unit cell: Two atoms are associated
with each BCC unit cell: the equivalent of one atom from the
eight corners, each of which is shared among eight unit cells, and
the single center atom, which is wholly contained within its cell
Unit cell
2. face-centered cubic (FCC): a common metallic structure also it is
cubic with atoms located at each of the corners and the centers of
all the cube faces.

• Number of atoms per FCC unit cell: For the FCC crystal structure,
each corner atom is shared among eight unit cells, whereas a face-
centered atom belongs to only two. Therefore, one-eighth of each of
the eight corner atoms and one-half of each of the six face atoms, or
a total of four whole atoms, may be assigned to a given unit cell.
 3. hexagonal close packed (HCP) Not all metals have unit cells with
cubic symmetry; the final common metallic crystal structure to be
discussed has a unit cell that is hexagonal. The top and bottom
faces of the unit cell consist of six atoms that form regular hexagons
and surround a single atom in the center. Another plane that
provides three additional atoms to the unit cell is situated between
the top and bottom planes.

• Number of atoms per HCP unit cell: The equivalent of six atoms is
contained in each unit cell; one-sixth of each of the 16 top and
bottom face corner atoms, one-half of each of the 2 center face
atoms, and all 3 mid plane interior atoms.
Fourteen bravais lattices
• Based on unit cell parameters (a width, b height, and
c length) and the angles (, , and ) there are fourteen
unit cell
Seven crystal system and bravais lattice (excluded)
Poly crystalline materials:

• Most crystalline solids are composed of a collection of

many small crystals or grains; such materials are termed
polycrystalline. Various stages in the solidification of a
polycrystalline specimen are represented schematically in
the following figure.

grain boundary : atomic mismatch within the

region where two grains meet.
Structure of solid materials:
3- Grain: collection of unit cells. Grains separated by
grain boundaries

Grain consists of
a group of unit
cells.

Unit cell
represented in
square shape
Material structure

material
grains

Unit cell

atoms
 Miller indices:

• The orientation of a surface or a crystal plane may be defined by considering how the plane (or indeed
any parallel plane) intersects the main crystallographic axes of the solid. The application of a set of rules
leads to the assignment of the Miller Indices , (hkl) ; a set of numbers which quantify the intercepts and
thus may be used to uniquely identify the plane or surface.

 miller indices must be integer numbers only with out being separated with comma or any other symbol
must be enclosed with standard brackets. An intercept on the negative side of the origin is indicated by a
bar or minus sign positioned over the appropriate index
 Only comma is allowable when miller indices is double digit.

• How to find Miller Indices:

1. first we have to find the intercepts with the axes.
2. Take reciprocal to this set.
3. Then reduce this set to a similar one having the smallest integers multiplying by common factor.
Example 1
• Find miller indices for following plane
1. Intercepts x y z.
1 1 1
2. Inverse 1 1 1
3. Reduction (unnecessary)
4. Miller (111)
Example 2
• Find miller indices for following plane
1. Intercepts x y z. Parallel to z- axis

1 1
2. Inverse 1 1 0
3. Reduction (unnecessary)
4. Miller (110)
Example 3
• Find miller indices for following plane
1. Intercepts x y z. Parallel to z and y axis

1
2. Inverse 1 0 0
3. Reduction (unnecessary)
4. Miller (100)
Example 4: plane passing from origin

• Find miller indices for following plane Unacceptable since Miller

indices must be integer
numbers So we must
1. Intercepts x y z. transform the origin to other
points in which x, y and z
axis intercept with the plane.

2. Inverse 0

Transform the
origin to this point
Example 4 (continue)
1. Intercepts x y z.

2. Inverse 0 2
3. Reduction (unnecessary)
4. Miller ()
Example 5

• Find miller indices for plane intercept with axis

at x=2, y=3/2, and z=1

Multiplication or division
1. Intercepts x y z by a common number may
3/2 be needed oftens to reduce
fractions here we
2. Inverse 1/2 1 multiplied by 6

3. Reduction 3 4 6
4. Miller ()
• Compute the Miller Indices for a plane intersecting at
x= ¼ , y=1, and z=1/2?
• For the intercepts x, y, and, z with values of 3,1, and 2
respectively, find the Miller indices?
• Calculate the miller indices for the plane with intercepts
2a, - 3b and 4c the along the crystallographic axes?
Compute the Miller Indices for a plane?
 Miller indices equivalents

• Set of planes are a series of planes which are parallel and equidistance from
the from, the origin. Several low-index planes are represented in Figure 3.9.
Family of miller indices
• Some times when unit cell has a rotational symmetry.
Several non parallel planes may be equivalent by
virtue of this symmetry
• Family of planes denoted in capital letters in curly
brackets {HKL}
Miller- Bravais
• A problem arises for crystals having hexagonal
symmetry in that some crystallographic
equivalent directions will not have the same set
of indices. This is circumvented by utilizing a
four-axis, or Miller–Bravais, coordinate system
as shown in Figure below. The three and axes are
all contained within a single plane (called the
basal plane) and are at angles 120 to one another.
The z axis is perpendicular to this basal plane.
 Miller- Bravais

• For crystals having hexagonal symmetry, it is

desirable that equivalent planes have the same
indices; as with directions, this is accomplished
by the Miller–Bravais system shown in Figure
below. This convention leads to the four-index
(hkil) scheme, which is favored in most
instances, since it more clearly identifies the
orientation of a plane in a hexagonal crystal.
There is some redundancy in that i is determined
by the sum of h and k through.
• Miller indices (hkl)
Bravais miller indices
Importance of miller indices
• In material science it is important to have a notation system for atomic planes since
these planes influence
1. Reactivity and adsorption the chemical reactions occur on atoms or molecules,
2. Optical properties
3. Surface tension
Seminars
1. Wood plastic composites
2. The effect of miller indices on the chemical and physical properties of the
materials.
3. Mullite
4. Single crystal casting
5. Corrosion and types of corrosion
6. Chemical methods for production of nano carbon
7. Fuel cell materials
8. Composite materials in airplane industry
9. Chemically toughened glass and its advantages over thermally toughened
glass.