GENERAL

CHEMISTRY
1
THE PROPERTIES OF
MATTER AND ITS
VARIOUS FORMS

Prepared by:

Therese June C. Buñao

CHEMISTRY
• the study of matter and
the changes that matter
undergoes
• It is essential for
understanding much of
the natural world and
central to many
scientific discipline,
including astronomy,
geology, paleontology, 2
CHEMISTRY
Of all the scientific
discipline, it is perhaps
the most extensively
connected to other fields
of study.
• Geologists who want to
locate new mineral or
oil deposits use
chemical techniques to
analyze and identify 3
CHEMISTRY
• Oceanographers use
chemistry to track ocean
currents, determine the
flux of nutrients into the
sea, and measure the rate
of exchange of nutrients
between ocean layers.
• Engineers consider the
relationships between the
structures and the
properties of substances
when they specify 4
 LESSON OBJECTIVES:

LESSON 1: • Use properties of matter to identify substances and to separate

them.

Matter and Its • Classify the properties of matter as (a) physical or chemical and
(b) extensive or intensive.
Properties • Distinguish substances, one from the other, by using the
properties of matter

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 What is MATTER
• Matter is the physical
material of the
universe; it is anything
that has mass and
occupies space.
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 PARTICLES COMPOSING MATTER

These are the smallest These are particles that

These are groups of two
unit of matter that can’t have gained or lost one
or more atoms that are
be broken down or more of their valence
chemically bonded.
chemically. electrons.

MOLECULE
ATOMS IONS
S

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 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER

STATE OF MATTER

LIQUID
GAS
A liquid has a distinct
A gas (also known as
volume independent of SOLID
vapor) has no fixed
its container but has no A solid has both a
volume or shape; rather
specific shape. It definite shape and
it conforms to the volume
assumes the shape of the definite volume.
and shape of its
portion of the container it
container.
occupies.

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PLASMA
THE 4TH STATE OF MATTER

• A plasma is a gaseous state of matter that contains

appreciable numbers of electrically charged particles.
• The presence of these charged particles imparts unique
properties to plasmas that justify their classification as a
state of matter distinct from gases.
• In addition to stars, plasmas are found in some other
high-temperature environments (both natural and man
made), such as lightning strikes, certain television
screens, and specialized analytical instruments used to
detect trace amounts of metals
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PURE SUBSTANCES
• A pure substance (usually
referred to simply as a
substance) is matter that has
distinct properties and a
composition that does not vary
from sample to sample.
• Water and table salt (sodium
chloride), the primary
components of seawater, are
examples of pure substances.
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 ELEMENTS
• Elements are substances that
cannot be decomposed into simpler
substances.

• On the molecular level, each

element is composed of only one
kind of atom.

• Currently, 118 elements are known,

though they vary widely in
abundance.
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 COMPOUNDS
• Compounds are substances composed
of two or more elements; they contain
two or more kinds of atoms.

• Water, for example, is a compound

composed of two elements: hydrogen
and oxygen.

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 MIXTURES
• Mixtures are combinations of two
or more substances in which
each substance retains its
chemical identity

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MIXTURES
Most of the matter we encounter consists of mixtures of
different substances. Each substance in a mixture retain its
chemical identity and properties. In contrast to a pure
substance, which by definition has a fixed composition, the
composition of a mixture can vary. A cup of sweetened coffee
for example, can contain either a little sugar or lot. The
substances making up a mixture are called components of the
mixture.
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MIXTURES
Some mixtures do not have the same composition, properties,
and appearance throughout. Rocks and woods, for example,
vary in texture and appearance in any typical sample. Such
mixtures are heterogeneous. Mixtures that are uniform
throughout are homogeneous. Homogeneous mixtures are
also called solutions.

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 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

According to changed
involve during According to dependence
measurements of the amount on matter
property

PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
EXTENSIVE
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
These can be It describes the way PROPERTIES It depends on the
observed without a substance may It does not depend on amount of sample,
changing the identity change, or react, to the size or amount of with two examples
and composition of a form other the sample. being mass and
substance substances.
volume.

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EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
• Size
• Shape
• Color
• Solubility
• Magnetic character
• Density
• Volatility
EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
• Flammability
• Decomposition at high
temperatures
• Reactivity to an acid or base
• Reactivity to an oxidizing agent
or reducing agent
EXAMPLES OF EXTENSIVE
PROPERTIES
• Mass
• Volume
• Length
• Width
EXAMPLES OF INTENSIVE
PROPERTIES
• Density
• Color
• Odor
• Taste
• Boiling point
• Melting point
SEPARATING MIXTURES
• Sedimentation is a
process of separating the
solids from the liquid.
Sedimentation is one of
the processes through
which we can remove
the high impurities
present in the solution.
All the solids present in
the solution settle down 38
SEPARATING MIXTURES
• In DECANTATION,
the solid particles
are allowed to
settled first at the
bottom and later, the
liquid which is called
supernatant is
poured into another 39
SEPARATING MIXTURES
• FILTRATION is a
process of
separating the
components of a
suspension.
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SEPARATING MIXTURES
• EVAPORATION is
the process of
converting liquid to
gas, is useful in
sorting mixtures such
as salt solution
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SEPARATING MIXTURES
• DISTILLATION is
a process of
separating a
homogeneous
mixture composed
of two substances
with different
boiling points. 43
SEPARATING MIXTURES
• MAGNETIC
SEPARATION is
a technique that
uses a magnetic
field to separate
materials that
contain iron from 44
SEPARATING MIXTURES
• SIEVING is a
separation
technique based on
the difference in
particle size. The
sieve is responsible
for retaining the 45
SEPARATING MIXTURES
• SUBLIMATION is a
process of
changing solid to
gas without passing
through the liquid
state.
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SEPARATING MIXTURES

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SEPARATING MIXTURES
• In CENTRIFUGATION, the
mixture is poured into a
special tube in the centrifuge
apparatus and is allowed to
spin using centrifugal force.
The spinning motion forces
the sediments to settle at the
bottom. The liquid can be
poured off from the solid 48
SEPARATING MIXTURES

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SEPARATING MIXTURES
• CHROMATOGRAPHY is the
separation of a mixture by passing
it in solution or suspension, or as a
vapor (as in gas chromatography),
through a medium in which the
components move at different
rates. Thin-layer chromatography
is a special type of
chromatography used for
separating and identifying 50
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Summary
Each substance has a unique set of physical properties and
chemical properties that can be used to identify it. During a
physical change, matter does not change its composition.
Changes of state are physical changes. In a chemical change
(chemical reaction) a substance is transformed into a
chemically different substance.

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Summary Intensive properties are independent of the amount of
matter examined and are used to identify substances.
Extensive properties relate to the amount of
substance present. Differences in physical and
chemical properties are used to separate substances.

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GENERAL
CHEMISTRY
1
THE PROPERTIES OF
MATTER AND ITS
VARIOUS FORMS

Prepared by:

Therese June C. Buñao

 LESSON OBJECTIVES:
LESSON 2: • Identify elements.
FORMULAS OF • Recognize the formulas of common chemical
COMMON substances.
CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES 56
What is CHEMICAL FORMULA?
CHEMICAL FORMULA

refers to a
symbolic
compound or
expression
substance

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 What is CHEMICAL FORMULA?
• Chemical formula is a symbolic
expression of a compound or
substance.
• A chemical formula is a formula that
tells how many atoms of a particular
element, or multiple elements, are
found within a certain chemical
compound.
• The numbers that appear as
subscripts on certain symbols within
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There are many examples of chemical formulas that most high
schoolers have witnessed in textbooks or other places. This
includes examples such as:

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• Subscript – a small number
written at the lower right corner
of a chemical symbol
• Chemical symbol – an
abbreviation that represents the
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ELEMENT OR
COMPOUND?
• Elements include a single symbol
• Compounds include more than
one symbol
• A chemical formula is a
representation of the atoms in a
compound. 61
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 Chemical Formula Examples
There are four types of commonly observed in chemistry
that will be expounded upon in this lesson. Examples of
these types of chemical formulas include the:
•Molecular Formula
•Condensed Formula
•Structural Formula
•Empirical Formula
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 LESSON OBJECTIVES:
LESSON 3: • Compare consumer products on the basis of
CONSUMER their components for use, safety, quality and
cost.
PRODUCTS

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 CONSUMER
PRODUCTS
Consumer products are something
that we cannot live without. Every
activity we do such as taking a
bath, cooking our favorite dishes,
driving our cars or monitoring and
maintaining our good health
condition, there will always be a
consumer product that is involved.

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CONSUMER
PRODUCTS
Consumer products is the
final good that is bought
by individuals or
households for personal
use. In other words,
consumer products are
goods that are bought for
consumption by the
average consumer. 89
CONSUMER
PRODUCTS
Consumer products were
made possible because of the
interactions of Science,
Technology and Society.
The knowledge (Science) is
being used to come up with
the different consumer
products (Technology) that
address problems of the 90
TYPES OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS

• CONVENIENCE PRODUCTS
• SHOPPING PRODUCTS
• SPECIALTY PRODUCTS
• UNSOUGHT PRODUCTS

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TYPES OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS

CONVENIENCE PRODUCTS
These products are purchased
regularly with little thought, such
as candy bars, toothpaste, and
soda cans.
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Characteristics of convenience
products
•Bought frequently
•Low-priced
•Easily accessible
Common convenience products include:
• Laundry detergent
• Toothpaste
• Vitamins
• Cleaning supplies 93
SHOPPING PRODUCTS
These products require more
thought, such as electronics and
household appliances. There are
two types of shopping products:
homogeneous, which are similar,
and heterogeneous, which are
different. 94
Characteristics of shopping
products
•Bought less often
•Medium-priced
•Frequently compared to other
products
Examples of shopping products include:
Clothing
Furniture 95
SPECIALTY PRODUCTS
These products are brand specific
and have unique qualities. They
are usually high-quality, luxury
items, such as designer handbags
and gourmet spice blends.

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Characteristics of specialty
products
•Standout attributes
•Unique brand perception
•Higher price point
•Available only at select locations
Examples of specialty products:
• Watches
• Designer clothing
• Luxury vehicles 97
UNSOUGHT PRODUCTS
These products are either not
known to exist or are not
considered for purchase. Examples
include insurance policies and
funeral services.
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Characteristics of unsought
products
•Not in the forefront of consumers’
minds
•Extensive advertising and
marketing efforts needed
Examples of unsought products:
• Funeral services
• Life insurance plans 99
PICTURE ANALYSIS
Analyze the picture below then answer the
corresponding guide questions.

1.Which problem is being

addressed by the invention
of the bath soap?
2.What substances are needed
to make a bath soap?

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ACTIVITY 1- My Consumer Product

Procedure
1. Choose a consumer product that is available in the field of medicine,
communication, transportation and agriculture.
2. Fill-in the table with correct information.
Area or Consumer Some Use Level of Cost
Field Product Chemical Safeness
Component
s (Chemical
Formula

Medicine

Communicati
on
Transportatio
n
Agriculture
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