Work Zone Traffic Management

Administration

• Fire safety arrangements

• Toilets

• Course timings

• Breaks/lunch

• Smoking arrangements

• Telephones

• Introductions
Learning Outcomes

You will be able to:

• Identify different sections of a temporary

traffic control zone
• Understand the temporary traffic control
plan and your responsibilities
• Use signaling devices effectively
• Position warning signs, tapers, and
flagging stations safely
Safety Statistics at Work Zone Traffic

• More than 40,000 people are hurt in work zone

crashes per year

• There are almost three deaths per day that

occur within work zones

PPT-083-01
•Roadway Workers’
54% of fatalities Deaths
occurred due to the worker
being struck by a truck

• 36% were dump trucks

• 21% were pickup trucks

• 17% were semi-trailer, tractor trailer, or trailer

trucks

• 26% were automobiles

PPT-083-01
Type of activities which can be
performed on Roads
• Constructing

• Repairing

• Cleaning

• Walking in or near a
roadway

• Directing or flagging

• Resurfacing or blacktopping
 Workzone Definitions

 Workzones Typology

 Principles of Temporary
Traffic Control (TTC)

 Related References

Day 2A. 5A. Elements

Workzones:
of SignagefaentydTShaefeotry
f&orPdreacSa
Road totiucers (I)
• A designated area on a
street or highway where
construction is taking place.

• “An area of a traffic-way

where construction,
maintenance, or utility work
activities are identified by
warning
signs/signals/indicators,
including those traffic control
devices that mark the
beginning and end of a
construction, maintenance, or
utility work activity…signals”
Day 2A. Elements of &
Road S PPrraacctticcee
Why are Work Zones more Prone to
Crashes?
• Violate driver expectancy

• Increased workload

• Vehicle speed
inappropriate for
prevailing conditions

• Workzone crashes generally

more severe (more
injuries/fatalities than
average)

• 50% of work zone fixed object

impacts occur at night
5A. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of SRoad
ignagefaeSa
ntydTShaefeotry f&orPdreactou
ticers (I)
Importance of Work Zone
Safety
• Injury and fatality
exposures are higher in
highway work zones for
workers, motorist and
pedestrians

• Work zone traffic

control/management influences
drivers’ perception of risk
 Provides information on
potential hazards
 Minimizes aggressive
behavior
 Assists in navigation
 Keep work zones safe for
workers, motorist and
Types of Work Zones
(1/2)
• Each Work zone is different

• Many variables affect the

needs of each work zone:
 Location of work
 Duration of work
 Highway type
 Geometrics (Vertical and
horizontal alignment,
intersections, interchanges,
etc.)
 Road user volumes
 Road vehicle mix (buses,
trucks, and cars) and road
user speeds
5A. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of SRoad
ignagefaeSa
ntydTShaefeotry f&orPdreactou
ticers (I)
Types of Work Zones
(2/2)
• As per the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
(MUTCD), five categories of work duration are defined:
 Long-term stationary is work that occupies a location more
than 3 days

 Intermediate-term stationary is work that occupies a location

more than one daylight period up to 3 days, or nighttime work
lasting more than 1 hour

 Short-term stationary is daytime work that occupies a location

for more than
1 hour within a single daylight period
 Short duration is work that occupies a location up to 1 hour

 Mobile is work that moves intermittently or continuously.

5A. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of SRoad
ignagefaeSa
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 • Typically lasts more than 3
days and utilize a full range
of Temporary Traffic Control
(TTC) procedures and
devices

• TTC elements may include:

 Larger channelizing
devices, temporary
roadways, and
temporary traffic
barriers
 Retro reflective and/or
illuminated devices
5A. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of SRoad
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ticers (I)
 • Typically it lasts up to 3 days, or it
refers to nighttime work lasting
more than 1 hour

• May not be practical to use

the same procedures or
devices for long-term
stationary TTC zones, such as
altered pavement markings,
temporary traffic barriers, and
temporary roadways.

• Increased time to place and remove

these devices could significantly
lengthen the project, thus
increasing exposure time.
5A. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of SRoad
ignagefaeSa
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ticers (I)
Short-Term Stationary Work
Zone
• Most maintenance and utility
operations are short-term
stationary work that last more
than 1 hour within a single
daylight period):
 Devices having greater
mobility might be necessary
(Signs mounted on trucks,
channelizing cones)

 Appropriately colored or
marked vehicles with
rotating/strobe lights may be used
in place of signs and channelizing
devices (May be augmented with
signs or arrow panels/chevrons)
5A. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of SRoad
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Mobile Work
Zone
• Often involve frequent short
stops for activities:
 Such as pavement marking, litter
cleanup, pothole patching, or utility
operations, and are similar to
short-duration operations

• TTC zones may includes:

 Warning signs, high-intensity
rotating, flashing, or strobe
lights on a vehicle
 Flaggers
 A shadow vehicle equipped with
an arrow panel or a sign following
the work vehicle
5A. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
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 Detour Design
Considerations

 Motorway Detour
Example

 Consideration for
Pedestrians

 Workzone Set-up &

Removal

 Related References

5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
Types of
Detours
• Median crossovers
(divided highways)

• Lane closures

• Temporary detour

• Detour traffic onto an

existing route

• Part-width construction

5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
Median
crossovers
• Design considerations

 Guardrail
 Bridge widths
 Interchange proximity and
access
 Review distance
between
crossovers
 Location (topography,
geometrics, distance
between)
 Drainage
 Future projects

5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
Lane
closure
• Design considerations

 Bridge widths
 Temporary barrier rail
 Length of area to be
protected
 Barrier deflection
 Taper rates
 End treatment

5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
Lane
closure
• Safety
–Directional traffic separated
–Interstate standards met
–Access controlled
–Excavation located next to
travel lane
–Bridge work – extended
duration
–No passing

• Cost considerations
 Traffic control

5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
Road Closed Signages
Temporary
detours
• Design considerations

 Usually for culvert

replacement in high fill
 May need temporary
widening, barrier rail
 Jack and bore
instead (≤48”
diameter)?
 Need temporary access
control fence?
 Proximity of
interchanges

5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
Temporary
detours
• Safety

–Short length
–Driver expectations violated

• Cost considerations

 Construction & removal of

detour
 Traffic control minimized

5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
Detour traffic onto an
existing route
• Interstate/Freeway

 Bridge widths, structural

capacity, clearance
 Road surfacing and
structure
 Roadway width
 Safety issues (mixing traffic,
accesses, standards)
 Clear zone
 Length and duration of detour
 Costs - traffic control and
surfacing improvement

5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
Detour traffic onto an
existing route
• Two-lane rural routes

 Cost of temporary detour

excessive?
 Bridge widths and capacity
 Adequate clearance
 Roadway widths and
structural capacity
 Clear zone
 Work with
construction and
maintenance
 Safety depends on
route selected
 Costs minimal – traffic
control, route maintenance
5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
General questions to
address
• Average Daily Traffic (ADT) and
truck traffic; emergency
vehicle use
• Site considerations
• Can the road be closed to
through traffic?
• Are there adjacent
projects?
• Are there other projects that
may be
affected?
 Detour onto another
construction project
 Wide loads

5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
How to increase detour
capacity
• Eliminate some turns
• Reroute trucks and buses
• Ban parking
• Ban loading/ unloading during
peak hours
• Eliminate bus stops
• Coordinate traffic signals
• Widen the traffic way
• Implement one-way traffic

5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
Motorway Detour
Example
1Km section in Tripoli-Kalamata motorway (Greece)
Detour to a narrow two-lane road for “Tsakona” bridge
construction

5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
Motorway Detour
Example
• Appropriate traffic
control and safety
devices used

• Appropriate and forgiving

transitions
between motorway and
detour

• Safety aware
construction personnel

• No injury accidents in
approximately 3 years of
operation!
5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
Pedestrian
issues
• Pedestrian needs
must be identified

• Pedestrians should not be

forced to enter into work
zone

• Pedestrians should not be

forced to enter into roadway

• Pedestrian paths must be

maintained

5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
Examples of improper pedestrian
traffic control

5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
Principl
es
• Spend least amount of
time necessary to set-up
and remove devices safely

• Perform work as
expeditiously as possible to
reduce exposure

• Decreasing
exposure time
increases safety

• Use devices that are

easily
transported
5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
Set-up of Traffic Control
Devices
• Identify traffic control plan
ahead of time

• Plan and discuss traffic

control off roadway

• Park work vehicles and

equipment to maximize
safety

• Place traffic control devices as

per selected plan starting at
beginning of work zone

5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
Removal of Traffic Control
Devices
• Remove immediately
following completion of
work

• Start at end of work

zone

• Only leave in place what is

needed

• Know where everything goes

in work vehicle so no time
is wasted

5B. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of Signage
Road Sa faentyd TShaefeotryy&
f orPdreatcou
ticres (II)
 1. Plan for traffic safety

• Motorists and construction

worker safety is a high
priority, from planning
through design and
construction.
• Needs of all road users
(motorist, bicyclists and
pedestrians – including
disabled) should be
addressed.
• Plan to minimize traffic
delays.
5A. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of SRoad
ignagefaeSa
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ticers (I)
 2. Minimize interference
with traffic flow,
including vehicles,
bicycles, and pedestrians

• Don’t make abrupt

changes to traffic patterns
that would require rapid
traffic maneuvers.
• Road user movement
should be inhibited as
little as possible.

5A. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of SRoad
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ticers (I)
 3. Provide clear and
positive guidance on
how to get through the
temporary traffic control
zone

• Give adequate advance

warning to drivers,
bicyclists, and pedestrians of
the upcoming TTC zone.
• Use appropriate traffic
control devices (TCD)
• Remove/cover any
conflicting signing.
• Use flaggers, when
necessary.
Day 2A. Elements of Road Sa
 4. Perform continuous
inspection and
maintenance of TTC
devices.

• Inspections should be
performed by a trained
professional.
• Repair or replace
devices, as
necessary.
• Monitor and modify
work zone
as project progresses.
5A. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of SRoad
ignagefaeSa
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ticers (I)
5. Maintain
roadside safety
throughout the project

• Provide recovery
area for errant
vehicles.
• Store equipment and materials
outside clear zone.
6. Make sure workers receive
training
when that’s required.

All those involved with planning,

design, construction and
maintenance of a TTC should have
 7. Maintain good public
relations

• Provide advance notice

and cooperate with
various news media in
publicizing TTC zone.
• Address needs of
abutting
property and business
owners.
• Address needs of all
emergency service
providers.
5A. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of SRoad
ignagefaeSa
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ticers (I)
Work Zone Safety Considerations

• Lighting

• Visibility

• Inclement weather

• Congested areas

• Constantly changing work conditions

 Traffic Control Principles

• A prepared detailed plan appropriate to the

complexity of the work project or incident and
understood by all responsible parties

• Individuals having good knowledge in

principles of proper traffic control should be
assigned responsibility for safety in the traffic
control zone

• As the work progresses and conditions change,

the traffic control should be modified to provide
reasonably safe and efficient road user
movement and worker safety
 Traffic Control Awareness

• Explain the duration of the project

• Address anticipated effects on road users

• Offer alternative routes of travel or modes of

transportation
 Traffic Control

• Depends on the type of highway

• Driving conditions

• Duration of operation

• Physical constraints

• The distance between the workspace and the

drivers
 Internal Traffic Control Plan (ITCP)

Hazard Assessment Control Element

• Schematic diagrams depicting the movement of
construction workers and vehicles within the work
space

• A checklist of site-specific hazards with a

description of how these hazards will be
minimized, what procedures, safety equipment,
and control strategies will be used

• A reporting system for all close-calls and incidents

related to internal traffic control plan
Internal Traffic Control Plan (ITCP)

Hazard Assessment Control Element

• A plan for safely handling intermittent traffic

stoppages; e.g., for equipment turn-around

• Anticipated traffic volume and speed, as well as

speed limit for operation within the work space

• Specifications for lighting inside the work space

Temporary Traffic Control Plan (TTCP)

Four areas to consider:

1. Advance warning area

2. Transition area

3. Activity area

4. Termination area
 Advance Warning Area

• Road users informed

of work zone
• Warning sign corridors are
longer on freeways
• Sign A—
1,000 feet from transition
• Sign B—
1,500 feet from sign A
• Sign C—
2,500 feet from sign B
 Transition Area

• Road users are redirected out of the normal path

• Mobile operations— transition area moves

• Tapers are used to transition traffic

• Space taper devices properly

 Activity Area

• Work space is for workers, equipment, and

material

• Traffic space routes and road uses through activity

area

• Buffer space separates road user flow from work

space
 Termination Area

• Returns road users to normal path

• “END ROAD WORK” sign

• Longitudinal buffer and taper

 Traffic Tapers

• Minimum taper length: L = WS

• Merging taper requires longest distance

• Shifting taper is used where shoulder is closed

• Downstream taper is used in termination area

What is Taper Length

PPT-083-01
How to calculate Taper Length

PPT-083-01
Taper

PPT-083-01
Safety Alert

PPT-083-01
 Routine Inspections

• Implement traffic control plan properly

• Monitor plan under varying conditions

• Keep channelizing devices clean and reflective

• Check for missing traffic control devices

• Look for evidence of near misses

Temporary Traffic Control Zones

Setup and Inspection

Need to understand:

• Advance warning area, transition area, activity

area, termination area

• Importance of routine inspections in temporary

traffic control zones

• What inspections should cover

 Hazards of Flagging

• Risk from equipment and passing vehicles

• Statistics support high risk of injury

• More than 100 workers killed and 20,000

injured each year

• More motorists than workers killed or injured

in temporary traffic control zones
 Flagger Responsibilities

- Stop traffic

- Reduce the speed of and/or direct traffic

through the work zone

- Protect yourself, work crew, the general public,

motorists and pedestrians
 Criteria for Flaggers

Criteria for Flaggers

You are responsible for public safety and must:

• Communicate instructions clearly

• Maneuver quickly

• Control signaling devices

• Understand safety traffic control

 Criteria for Flaggers

• Recognize dangerous traffic situations

• Know the traffic control plan

• Be identified as flaggers by motorists

 Flagger Authority

• Monitor operations in the work area

• Communicate with traffic control supervisor

• Halt operations if hazard arises

 Flagger Stations

• Position

• Signals

• Approaching the centerline

• Release

• Leaving
 Flagger Stations

• Road users must have sufficient distance to stop

• Errant vehicle can stop before entering work space

• Advanced warning signs

• Lighted at night
 Flagger Stations

• Stand on shoulder next to road

• Enter road only after vehicles have stopped

• Be able to warn workers of danger

• Stand away from shade and shadows

• Keep workers away

 High-Visibility Apparel

• All workers must wear high visibility apparel

• Worker visibility during dawn or dusk conditions

will be enhanced by fluorescent colored high-
visibility apparel

• The use of colors such as yellow-green for the

worker apparel will help to differentiate the
worker from the orange colored work vehicles,
sign, drums, etc.
Worker Safety and Visibility

• High-visibility apparel
• Worker training
• Activity area planning
• Speed control
• Positive separation
• Lighting
• Worker safety planning
• Special devices
 High-Visibility Apparel

• Clothing meets safety standards

• Fluorescent background color
• Reflective materials
• Designed to identify a person
• High-visibility armbands, hats, vests, gloves
• Inspect reflective material regularly
Typical Application
Diagrams
• Typical application
diagrams for a variety of
highway conditions are
included in the MOT (2017)
Work Zone Traffic Control

• These are not intended as a

substitute for engineering
judgment, as they should
be altered, when necessary,
to fit the conditions of a
particular temporary traffic
control zone.

5C. Elements
Day 2A. Signage and safety
of Road Safofertwy oTrhkezooryne&trParfafcc
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Traffic control
devices
• A road work zone usually
requires drivers of vehicles
to temporarily change
their behavior (e.g. their
speed or path).

• Traffic control devices, such as

signs, markings and traffic
lights, can help to inform
drivers about the
presence of work zones,
the current traffic regulations,
and the recommended paths
to be followed.
5C. Elements
Day 2A. Signage and safety
of Road Safofertwy oTrhkezooryne&trParfafcc
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Traffic control
devices
• Portable traffic lights can be used to
control the traffic passing through
roadworks in alternate directions.

• Road reflectors - A metallic or plastic road

marking projecting slightly above the road
surface or the hard shoulder, designed to be
safely run over by a vehicle travelling at any
speed.

• Routing panels - Oblong rectangular

signs indicating, the change in the
number and/or direction of traffic lanes
necessitated by the road work zone.

5C. Elements
Day 2A. Signage and safety
of Road Safofertwy oTrhkezooryne&trParfafcc
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Traffic control
devices
• Traffic markings - painted markings or
self- adhesive tape are used for long-term
work zones.

• Traffic signs at road work zones may

include both conventional signs and high-
intensity (retro- reflective) signs

• Two signs in one- Two ordinary signs are

mounted behind each other and are
combined in one set.

5C. Elements
Day 2A. Signage and safety
of Road Safofertwy oTrhkezooryne&trParfafcc
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Traffic control
devices
• Variable message sign (VMS)- VMS
gives the drivers, in real time, accurate
messages generated from a central unit
using an on-line connection.

• Flashing arrow- Warning equipment

consisting of a set of lights creating a signal
picture in the shape of an arrow or cross (X).

• Light- Individual electrically-

operated device emitting a light of
a single colour.

5C. Elements
Day 2A. Signage and safety
of Road Safofertwy oTrhkezooryne&trParfafcc
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Traffic control
devices
• Emphasizing beacon- Applied in work zones
especially for purposes of visual guidance and,
partly, for the physical separation of opposite-
way lanes.

• Guiding Beacon (Bake)- A rectangular

sign with sloping stripes, mounted
directly on a support. It is used for
funneling the traffic in the direction of the
slant of the stripes.

• Traffic cone- A three-dimensional device of

conical shape comprising one or more parts
including a base plate, cone body, and
retroreflective surface or surfaces.
5C. Elements
Day 2A. Signage and safety
of Road Safofertwy oTrhkezooryne&trParfafcc
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Safety
devices
• Protective equipment
serves primarily to
prevent the entrance of
vehicles or pedestrians
inside the work area and
to reduce the
consequences of
accidents involving
vehicles running off the
roadway.

• At the same time, it also

fulfils the function of
defining and physically
separating the work area
(closure).
5C. Elements
Day 2A. Signage and safety
of Road Safofertwy oTrhkezooryne&trParfafcc
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Safety
devices
• Guiding barrier- Typically a plastic wall filled with
water, sand or other material, each part coloured
uniformly (e.g. red or white) used to separate opposite-
way lanes, or lanes and construction area.
• Crash barrier- Protective device of a height between
120 and 250 mm and a width between 250 and 350
mm, continuously laid on the road surface, without
anchoring, absorbing the energy of a possible impact.
• Crash cushion –Truck-mounted attenuator (TMA)- A
protective device which is mounted on the rear, e.g., of
a truck and which absorbs the energy of a possible
impact.
• Safety barrier of steel or concrete (temporary barrier)

5C. Elements
Day 2A. Signage and safety
of Road Safofertwy oTrhkezooryne&trParfafcc
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Warning Lights on Work
Vehicles
• Attract the attention
of road users
• Potentially hazardous
situation
• Sufficient time for
taking appropriate
action
• Warning light
standardization
desirable
• Promote driver
understanding
•
5C. Elements
Day 2A. Signage and safety
of Road Safofertwy oTrhkezooryne&trParfafcc
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Warning Lights on Work
Vehicles
• Warning lights
should be visible to
drivers from all
angles (360
degrees)

• Larger vehicles should

be equipped with a
minimum of three
warning lights

• Warning lights should be

amber in color

• 5C. Elements
Day 2A.
Warning lights should be
Signage and safety
of Road Safofertwy oTrhkezooryne&trParfafcc
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Truck with
attenuator

5C. Elements
Day 2A. Signage and safety
of Road Safofertwy oTrhkezooryne&trParfafcc
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Truck with
attenuator

5C. Elements
Day 2A. Signage and safety
of Road Safofertwy oTrhkezooryne&trParfafcc
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Improper Placement of Work
Vehicle

5C. Elements
Day 2A. Signage and safety
of Road Safofertwy oTrhkezooryne&trParfafcc
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Referenc
es
USA
• NCHRP (2007). Design of Construction
Work Zones on High-Speed Highways.
NCHRP Report 581
• FHWA (2012). Manual on Uniform Traffic
Control
Devices – 2009 edition, revision 2

KSA
• MOT (2017). Traffic Detours
• MOT (2017). Work Zone Traffic Control

5C. Elements
Day 2A. Signage and safety
of Road Safofertwy oTrhkezooryne&trParfafcc
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Referenc
es
International
• PIARC (2012). Improvements in Safe
Working on Roads

Europe
• ARROWS (1998). Advanced Research on
Road Work Zone Safety Standards in
Europe. Road Work Zone Safety Practical
Handbook
• ERF (2015). Towards Safer Work Zones

5A. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of SRoad
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ntydTShaefeotry f&orPdreactou
ticers (I)
Referenc
es
Australia
• Austroads (2019). Code of Practice for
Temporary Traffic Management: Part 10
Sample Layouts

USA
• NCHRP (2007). Design of Construction
Work Zones on High-Speed Highways.
NCHRP Report 581

KSA
• MOT (2017). Traffic Detours
• MOT (2017). Work Zone Traffic Control

5A. Elements
Day 2A. Workzones:
of SRoad
ignagefaeSa
ntydTShaefeotry f&orPdreactou
ticers (I)
End of the Training