INTERNSHIP

INTERNSHIP REPORT
REPORT
PRESENTED BY: MOHAMMED IRFAN
ROLL NO : 160421732054
Presented By: M O H A M M E D
SUMAIRUDDIN
ROLL N U M BER : 1604-20-732-058
 Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

INTRODUCTION
1.ABOUT THE COMPANY
2.ABOUT THE SITE
3.TO CIVIL ENGINEERING

PRE-CONSTRUCTIONAL WORK
SITE INVESTIGATION
SOIL REPORT
MATERIAL ESTIMATION
PERMISSIONS
FSI, CA, BA, SBA

ZAKI
CONSTRUCTIONAL WORK
&
TYPE OF STRUCTURE
ASSOCIAT FOUNDATION AND
ES FOOTING COLUMN
PLINTH BEAM AND DPC
STAIRS
BEAM AND SLABS

POST-
CONSTRUCTIONAL
WORK
PICTURES FROM
SITE

CONCLUSION

CERTIFICATE OF
COMPLETION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very obliged to express my heartfelt gratitude for the invaluable

experience and opportunities I gained during my Civil Internship at
Zaki and associates. I want to extend my sincere appreciation to the
entire team for providing me with an enriching and educational
internship experience. I am truly grateful for the guidance and
mentorship I received from Supervisor's Mr. Ramannath and the
entire team. Their support and expertise have played a pivotal role in
shaping my understanding of civil engineering practices and real-
world applications. The hands-on experience I gained, particularly in
experiencing civil engineering in practical and real life, to
differentiate between the theoretical and practical knowledge, has
been instrumental in enhancing my technical skills and problem-
solving abilities.

I also want to acknowledge the positive and collaborative work

environment at Zaki and associates. The open communication and
teamwork fostered within the company have not only made my
internship enjoyable but have also contributed significantly to my
professional growth. I appreciate the opportunity to work on
challenging projects, learn from seasoned professionals, and
contribute to the success of Zaki and associates. This internship has
been a cornerstone in my academic and professional journey,
providing me with insights that will undoubtedly influence my
future career choices.

Once again, thank you for the enriching experience and the warm
hospitality extended to me during my time at internship. I look forward
to applying the knowledge and skills acquired during my internship to
contribute meaningfully to the field of civil engineering. I would like
to convey my gratitude to everyone at Zaki and associates and want to
extend my sincere gratitude to our mentor Toufeeq Anwar sir for
guiding us onto the right direction and helping us get our internship at
Zaki and associates. I am truly thankful for the support and
encouragement I received throughout this internship.
 ABOUT
THE COMPANY

AHMED CONSTRUCTIONS & DUILDING

Ahmed & Associates is a consumer services

company. It was established in year 1995 with its
consulting engineer Mr. mustafa rahman, he is
often regarded as the best structural engineer with
an experienced team who strive together to provide
sustainable and efficient structures with
impressive infrastructures all over Hyderabad.

He is well known for his best structural designs

by providing reinforcements beyond safety
requirements calculated. This depicts his concern
towards life and strength of building and priority
towards safety of human life over the cost of the
construction.

Address: jmj complex, 2th Floor

shaikhpet, Hyderabad, Telangana
500081
Email:
[email protected]
Phone: +91 9063322777
Rating: 4.4/5
 ABOUT
THE SITE

I was allotted “ABHIK S A N G H V I

RESIDENTIAL BILDING” located at Film
Nagar, Hyderabad, and Telangana.

The site is in the main region of the city

where the infrastructure and buildings in the
surroundings arae are with unique and
attractive, spacious designs.

The site is located at an elevated area and

there is a usual descend to main roads of
Film Nagar.
Upon excavation, the land is found to
be surrounded by solid rocks of granite
as Hyderabad was formed due to high
volcanic activity, and its geology largely
comprises Igneous rock called granite.
SAFETY PROTOCOLS TO BE
FOLLOWED:
This is a residential building structure,
Safety protocols are mandatory to be
as shown in the sectional plan. We
followed by each worker, site engineer and
have completed this internship under
every other higher officials during visits to
supervision and guidance of:
the site.
These are as follows:
Always wear PPE: goggles, helmets,
gloves, earmuff s or plugs, boots, and
high visibility vests and suits.
Be mindful and follow signs. Provide
clear instructions.
Keep site tidy.
Do pre-checks on tools and
equipment
3D MODEL OF
SITE
 INTRODUCTION
TO
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals
with the design, construction, and maintenance of
infrastructure, including buildings, roads, bridges, dams,
and other large-scale projects. Civil engineers play a
crucial role in shaping the physical environment we live
in, ensuring its safety, functionality, and sustainability

DUTIES OF CIVIL
ENGINEER A S A
STRUCTURAL ENGG AND
ARCHITECT:
Architects and civil engineers are TYPES OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
distinct
professions, each with its own focus 1.STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS:
and responsibilities 2.GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS;
Architects: Architects are primarily 3.TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERS
responsible for the artistic and 4. WATER RESOURCES
aesthetic aspects of building design. ENGINEERS;
5.ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERS;
Civil Engineers: Civil engineers deal 6.CONSTRUCTION
with the structural integrity, stability, ENGINEERS:
7.COASTAL ENGINEERS
and functionality of buildings and
8.MATERIAL ENGINEERS;
infrastructure 9. URBAN
A successful construction projects PLANNNING
ENGINEERS.
often involve collaboration between
10.CONSTRUCTION
the two professions MANAGERS:
 PRE-CONSTRUCTIONAL
WORK

PRELIMINARY WORKS
Preliminary works include all activities performed on a
construction site prior to the start of actual work, such as
demolition, site clearance, site survey, soil survey, planning,
designing, and cost estimation. These activities are critical
because they lay the groundwork for the construction
process

Pre-Construction Checklist
Here are some of the items you can expect to cover during the pre-
construction phase:

Initial meeting to discuss the

project Planning the design
Estimating costs and offering cost-saving
options Managing project scope
Identifying potential issues & outlining
solutions Determine any options for value
engineering Site selection and study
feasibility
Evaluating soil condition on
site Checking existing utilities
Determining equipment
required
Check for green building options and
viability Life-cycle analysis
Outlining contingencies for both client
and contractor

Outcomes of Preconstruction
The primary outcomes of pre-construction
provide include:
The scope
SchedulePre-Construction
Checklist Estimated cost of the
 1.Site Investigation
A site investigation simply is the process of the collection
of information, the appraisal of data, assessment, and
reporting without which the hazards in the ground
beneath the site cannot be known.

The primary objective of a site investigation is to determine and

collect the data given as follows -
The nature and sequence of strata;
The ground water conditions at the site;
The physical properties of soil and rock underlying the site;
The mechanical properties, such as strength and
compressibility of different soil or rock strata, and
Other specific information, when needed, such as the
chemical composition of the water beneath, and the
characteristics of foundations of the adjacent structure.
Refer ordnance map, conduct survey to establish dimensions
of site and level
Inquire about the site, to find out whether it is
affected by preservation orders.

INVESTIGATION OF SU B SOIL:
It is usually done by using trial holes and boring the site at various
points. It is advised to bore a min of 5 bores for a area of 1000 m2.
Borelogs obtained at various points helps us determine the soil
quality and the water table level plus an additional information on
void ratio, porosity, water content, OMC AND MDD, saturation
properties, possible future settlements, soil characteristics and soil
types : red soil, morrum, black soil etc.
Depending on the soil report geotechnical engineers suggests
structural engineers on type of foundation to be provided and soil
improvements to be done if the soil is weak is strength and
unsuitable for construction.
SOIL REPORT :

Design of the foundation is based on soil test report of

construction site. Soil tests for construction of buildings or
any structure is the first step in construction planning to
understand the suitability of soil for proposed construction
work
Types of Soil Tests for Building Construction:
1.Moisture content
test 2.Atterberg
limits tests
3.Specific gravity of
soil
4.Dry density of soil
5.Compaction test (Proctor’s
test)
MATERIAL ESTIMATION:
Material estimation is integral in ensuring that you have
the right amount of materials to complete your
construction project. It speed up the construction process,
minimize material wastage, and stay on budget.

The process of material estimation begins with

creating estimates and material takeoffs. Material
takeoffs simply refer to a list of all the construction
materials required to complete a particular construction
project.

PERMISSION REQUIRED FOR

CONSTRUCTION IN TELANGANA:
Architectural and Structural Design
Prepare Documents: Gather the necessary
documents, including the architectural and structural
designs, property ownership documents, land use
certificates, No Objection Certificates (NOCs) from
relevant authorities, and any other required
paperwork.
Visit Local Municipal Corporation: In Hyderabad,
you can approach the Greater Hyderabad Municipal
Corporation (GHMC).
Application Submission
Approval and Issue of Building Permit: If the plans
and the site inspection meet the required standards,
the authorities grant the building permit, also known as
the "permission for construction of house in
Hyderabad." This permit is an official document that
allows you to commence the construction work.
Obtaining the Construction Permit: Once your
application is approved, you will receive a construction
permit from the local authority. This permit allows you
to proceed with the construction of your house.
Commence Construction: With the construction
permit in hand, you can begin the construction
process as per the approved plans and regulations
Scrutiny of Plans: Once the plans are submitted,
they undergo a thorough scrutiny process to check for
compliance with building codes, setbacks, and other
regulations.
Payment of Fees: After the scrutiny process, you'll
be required to pay the necessary fees, including plan
approval fees, development charges, and other
applicable charges. The fee structure varies based on
the area, size, and type of construction.
Site Inspection: Once the fees are paid, the
authorities conduct a site inspection to verify the
ground realities and ensure that the proposed
construction aligns with the approved plan
FSI ( FLOOR SPACE INDEX):
FSI (Floor Space Index), also known as FAR (Floor Area
Ratio), is one of the most important elements of real
estate. FSI refers to the maximum permitted area on a
piece of land for construction.

The FSI is the ratio of floor area covered to the

available land area.

The municipal or local authorities of the state

government regulate FSI, which is usually set based on
the National Building Code.

FAR= (Total Floor Area of all Floors of the

Building/Plot area)
FSI= (Total Floor Area of all Floors of the
Building/Plot area) x 100

FSI value impacts the value of land in a particular

locality.

For builders, higher FSI means they can construct

more and therefore sell more, hence the affordability
factor also comes in.Hyderabad.
Hyderabad is the only city with no cap on the FSI value.
With the average being anywhere between 6 and 7, the
city is eligible to optimize as much land Space as it
possibly can
BUILTUP AREA:
The built-up area of a dwelling is the total space available
in a home inclusive of its internal walls and balcony. The
built-up area of a home is the total space available in a
dwelling, whereas the carpet area is the total space in a
dwelling its inhabitant can use, excluding the area
covered by internal walls and balconies.

Built-up area = (Carpet Area + Area of Balconies +

Area of the Open Terrace + Area of the Exclusive
Corridor + Thickness of the Exterior Walls.)

SUPER-BUILTUP AREA:
The super built-up area means the summation of the
built-up area of a home and the common areas that the
homeowner will have access to within the confines of the
building that houses the flat. These common areas are
the likes of the corridors, lifts, and staircases in a
building.

LOADING FACTOR:
The loading factor is the difference between the super
built-up area and the carpet area of the property and is
usually expressed in percentage. In most cases, the
loading factor is 2 5 % to 3 0 % of the carpet area.

Super Built-up Area = (Carpet Area + Loading

Factor (% OF CA))

Carpet Area= (Super Built-up Area – (Super

Built-up Area * Loading Factor/100 ))
Framed Structural System and Load Bearing
Structural Systems:
1. The framed and load-bearing structural systems vary
based on the load-bearing structural components taking
part in the load transmission. In the load bearing
structural system, the loads gets transferred from slabs
to foundations through walls.
In case, of Load bearing, structural system the path
followed is Slabs >> Walls >> Foundation

2.while in framed structural system, loads from

slabs gets transferred to beams, beams to columns
and finally from columns to the foundation
In a framed structural element are:
Slabs >> Beams >> Columns >> Foundation

The load-bearing structural system is an old method of

construction. Framed structural system has framed
structure of columns and beams which have high
resistance to lateral forces. The framed structural system
is more flexible compared with load-bearing structural
system.
 CONSTRUCTIONAL
WORK

FOUNDATION:
Foundation is the lowest part of the building or the civil
structure that is in direct contact with the soil which transfers
loads from the structure to the soil safely.
Foundation and footing are not two different
components of building construction. In fact, both are a
single component of a building structure. The footing is
the lowest part of any foundation. Foundation has the
lowest part made with footing reinforced with rebar.
Types of foundations are selected on the basis of
depth of footing, types of soil, and structure

TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

S H A L LO W
FOUNDATION IS
PROVIDED ONLY WHEN
(DF <= BF )

DEEP
FOUNDATION
(DF > BF )
TYPES OF FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS:
STRAP FOOTING: In this type of footing, the outer
and inner column is connected by a strap beam, and
does not transfer any load to the soil.
The individual footing areas of the columns are so
arranged that the C.G of the combined loads of the
two columns passes through the C.G of the two
footing areas. Once this criterion is achieved, the
pressure distribution below each individual footing
will be uniform
STRIP FOOTING :is a component of shallow foun
dationThis type of footing is commonly used as
foundations of load- bearing walls where the soil is of
good bearing capacity.
STEPPED FOOTING:The main purpose of using
stepped footing is to keep the metal columns away
from direct contact with soil to save them from
corrosive effects. This type of footing is used to carry
the load of metal columns and transmit this load to the
below ground.
COMBINED FOOTING: is provided under the
following situations.
1.When columns are close to each other and their
individual footings overlap.
2.Soil having low bearing capacity and requiring
more area under the individual footing.
3.The column end is situated near the property line
and the footing can not be extended.
RAFT FOUNDATION are adopted when heavy
structures are to be constructed on soft made-up
ground or marshy sites with uncertain behavior
 RETAINING WALL: is a structure that holds or retains
soil behind it. There are many types of materials that can
be used to create retaining walls like concrete blocks,
poured concrete, treated timbers, rocks or boulders.

COLUMN: It is a vertical compression member whose

effective length is greater than 3 times the least lateral
dimensions. It is a structural element that transmits load
coming from the superstructural members to the sub-
structural members i.e foundation and footing.

Columns may be designed to resist lateral forces.

conditions. Columns are frequently used to support
beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or
ceilings rest. A column might also be a decorative
element not needed for structural purposes; many
columns are engaged, that is to say form part of a
wall.
A long sequence of columns joined by an
entablature is known as a colonnade.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF COLUMN :
WHILE CHECKING COLUMN BEFORE CONCRETING
ALWAYS CHECK THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE
DONE PROPERLY ACCORDING TO THE I S SPECIFICATION

CHECK THE REINFORCEMENT FOR RUSTING AND

THEIR USE A S
PER THE I S SPECIFICATION In case of columns minimum
reinforcement shall not be less than 0.8%.AND max
reinforcement for the column is 6 % of the gross column area.
LAPPING ZONE: When we provide lapping in a column, all
reinforcements must overlap in zone B-Zone .Therefore, the
upper and lower part of the column should be avoided in A-
Zone (length L / 4)as there will be a maximum moment in this
area due tothe lateral forces acting on the post. According to
the IS code, if the bar diameter is 36mm or greater, you should
consider (welding) soldering these bars instead of lapping.
STAGGERED BAR: All bars that are overlapped should be
offset in B- zone. In any case, no more than 5 0 % of the rebar
should be lapped to the same level. If all bars in the column
are overlapped at the same level, it will cause column failure.
STIRRUP SPACING :The spacing of the stirrups in the zone of
lapping should be minimal compared to the regular spacing of
the stirrups in the c/c column. spacing of the stirrups in the zone
of lapping can be 150 c/c or 125 c/c depending on the column
design. spacing of the stirrups in the zone of lapping can be
150 c/c or 125 c/c depending on thecolumn design.
JOGGLE LENGTH: J = 6 ×Diameter of rebar
REBAR PLACING: When we tie the reinforcement in the
lapping area, the joggled part of the bar must be placed on the
inner surface of the lower bar
CHECK FOR CLEAR COVER
CHECK THAT STARTERS ARE PROVIDED FOR COLUMN
ON 1ST AND ALL ABOVE S L A B S .
CHECK FORMWORK AND SHUTTERING ARE
PROVIDED PROPERLY AND ARE STURDY S O THAT
THEY DONT FALL APPART WHILE CONCRETING
The minimum reinforcement ratio for columns is required to
provide resistance against bending, The minimum
reinforcement ratio for columns is required to provide
resistance against bending,
 Types of Cracks in Concrete Columns: 1. Diagonal Cracks: The
main cause of diagonal cracks in concrete columns is inadequate
load carrying capacity of the columns; insufficient cross- section and
inadequate reinforcement steel.
2.Horizontal Cracks: Columns with in adequate moment
resistance capacity, insufficient reinforcements, or disposition of
installed reinforcement are prone to horizontal cracking; due the
effect of shear force and direct load and uniaxial bending. .Observed
on column face where tensile stress is large.
3.Corrosion cracks: These cracks in concrete columns are
developed along the line of reinforcements.Possible reinforcement
corrosion and inadequate bond between concrete and steel bars
are the cause of corrosion reinforcement in concrete columns. 4.
Splitting cracks: Theses are cracks in reinforced concrete column
are short parallel vertical cracks with non- uniform width.
Columns with Insufficient steel reinforcement, and low concrete
quality are susceptible to experience such types of cracks

CLEAR COVER AN D EFFECTIVE COVER:

Effective cover = Clear cover + Total Diameterof Stirrup (d)+ (Diameter of main
reinforcement bar (D))/2 The clear cover is the distance between the exposed concrete
surface (without plaster and other finishes) to the nearest surface of the reinforcing bar
CLEAR COVER AND EFFECTIVE
COVER CLEAR COVER TO MAIN
REINFORCEMENT
FOOTING
RAFT =50mm RAFT
FOUNDATION BOTTOM
FOUNDATION=50mm
SIDES=75mm STRAP BEAM=50mm
GRADE SLAB=20mm COLUMN=40mm
SHEAR WALL=25mm BEAM=
25mm SLABS=15mm FLAT
SLAB=20mm STAIRCASE=15mm
RETAINING
WALLS=20-25mm on earth
WATER RETAININIG STRCUTURES=20
30mm

PLINTH BE A M AND DPC:

Plinth beam is a reinforced concrete beam constructed between
the wall and its foundation. Plinth beam is provided to prevent
the extension or propagation of cracks from the foundation into
the wall above when the foundation suff ers from settlement.
Plinth beams distributes the load of the wall over the foundation
evenly.

Strength of plinth beam concrete shall not be smaller than

20MPa. A minimum depth of plinth beam is 20cm whereas
its width should match the width of final course of the
foundation. It is recommended to provide two bars with
minimum diameter of 12mm at the bottom of the beam.
Similarly,two bars with minimum diameter of 10mm
shall be provided at the top of the plinth beam.
Reinforcement bars should be protected by 25mm
concrete cover. Stirrup diameter should be at least 6mm and
a spacing of 15cm
PLINTH BE A M AND DPC: The damp proof course (DPC) is
generally applied at basement levels, which restricts the movement
of moisture through walls and floors.
Types of Materials for Damp Proof Course:
The materials commonly used to check dampness can be divided
into the following three categories: 1. Flexible Materials:
Materials like bitumen felts (which may be hessian based or
fiber/glass fiber-based), plastic sheeting (polythene sheets), etc.
2. Semi-rigid Materials: Materials like mastic, asphalt, or a
combination
of materials or layers.
3.Rigid Materials: Materials like first-class bricks, stones, slate,
cement
concrete, etc.

SITE PICS :
SPRAYING OF
PESTICIDE ANTI-
TERMIDE : SITE PICS :
CURING OF
GRADE SLAB :
Stairs: are a structure designed to bridge A large vertical distance
between lower and higher levels by dividing it into smaller vertical
distances. A lintel is a beam placed across the openings like doors,
windows etc. in buildings to support the load from the structure
above. The width of lintel beam is equal to the width of wall, and the
ends of it is built into the wall.

B E A M S A N D S L A B : A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied

laterally to the beam's axis Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads
applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam's support points. The total effect of
all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear forces and bending moments within
the beams, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam. Beams
are characterized bytheir manner of support, profile (shape of cross-section), equilibrium
conditions, length, and their material. In engineering, beams are of several types 1.Simply
supported – a beam supported on the ends which are free to rotate and have no moment
resistance. 2.Fixed or encastré (encastrated) – a beam supported on both ends and
restrained from rotation. 3.Overhanging – a simple beam extending beyond its
support on one end. 4.Double overhanging – a simple beam with bothends extending
beyond its supports on both ends. 5.Continuous – a beam extending over more than two
supports. 6.Cantilever – a projecting beam fixed only at one end.
7.Trussed – a beam strengthened by adding a cable or rod to form a truss. 8.Beam on
spring supports
9.Beam on elastic foundation
Hidden beams can be defined as the beams
whose depth is equal to the thickness of the slab.
Hidden beams are also known as concealed beam.
Hidden beams are used for the following
purposes 1. To disperse loads on the supporting
slab. 2. To break a wide panel of slab to
considerable size. 3. To achieve maximum floor
height. 4. To clear the way for electromechanical
duct work. 5. To improve architectural aesthetic
appearance by providing neat and leveled ceiling
surface.

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE

OF HIDDEN BEAM
1.It saves floor height clearance.
2.It allows if a brickwork
needs to be constructed over
the slab.
3.It is economical as it saves cost of
materials, formwork, and labor.
4.It gives better aesthetic interior
appearance. Structurally it creates a
spanning problem, as spans for structural
support are at right angle to each
other. This means one slab structurally
rests over the other.
 SLAB:
Slab is an important structural element which is constructed to
create flat and useful surfaces such as floors, roofs, and
ceilings. Types of loads acting on a slab include: 1. Dead load
of the slab 2.Live load 3. Floor finish load 4. Snow load in the
case of roof slab 5.Earthquake loads Load Transfer Mechanism
in Slabs : If the ratio Long side / short side < 2 it is considered
as 2-way slab, and if Longer side to shorter side greater than 2
then it is considered as 1-way slab.

TYPES OF SLABS:
Bridges, roofs, foundations and driveways all rely on durable concrete for a
firm base and dependable structure.
1.ONE WAY FLAT SLAB
2.TWO WAY FLAT SLAB
3.KITCHEN SLAB
4.SUN-SHADE SLAB
5.SUNKEN SLAB
6.LINTEL
7.CABLE SUSPENSION SLAB
8.PRE-TENSION SLAB
9.POST TENSION SLAB
10.WAFFLE SLAB
11.PITCHED ROOF SLAB
12.HOLLOW SLAB
13.HARDY SLAB
14.DOME SLAB
15.PROJECTED SLAB
16.ROOM CHAJJA
CRANK BAR: Crank bars are provided so that steel is available in
the bottom and top reinforcements. Since steel is required only
where the positive and negative moments are generated, The crank
rods are provided so that the same steel bar can be used for both
the positive moment (center of the slab) and the negative moment
(end support) . CHAIR BAR: A chair bar is a support bar placed and
tied in between the upper & lower reinforcement cage to maintain
the gap and stability of reinforcement. The chair bars are made of
rebars of diameter 12mm and above. The most common dia. bars
are 12mm, 16mm, and in some cases 20mm. MA IN B A R S IN
SLAB : THE MA I N B A R S ARE REINFORCEMENT B A R S
POSITIONED IN THE S L A B ' S TENSION ZONE (SHORTER S PA N )
TO RESIST THE BENDING MOMEN T A N D TRANSMIT THE
SUPERIMPOSED LOA DS TO THE SL ABS PROVIDED
SUPPORTS DISTRIBUTION B A R S IN SLAB: THE DISTRIBUTION
REINFORCEMENT B A R S
, A L S O KNOWN A S THE T RA N S V ER S E B A R S , ARE
REINFORCING B A R S
THAT RUN PERPENDICULAR (IN A LONGER SPAN) TO THE MA I N
BA R IN TH SLAB. THEY ARE PL ACED IN THE TOP LAYER OF
THE S L A B A N D ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DISTRIBUTING THE
LOAD A C R O S S THE ENTIRE S L A B
SUNKEN SLAB: A sunk sab, also known as a sunken slab, is
a part of
construction in underflows where the secondary foundation for
pipes, wires, etc., is placed. Sunk slabs are primarily used in
the construction of bathrooms, washrooms, and laundry areas
where drainage and water supply are needed the most.
C
 POST-CONSTRUCTIONAL
WORK

The period of time spanning from when physical

construction enCds until project turnover to the
owner takes place, is known
as the post-construction phase. During this period,
several
events and processes occur. The physical job site
must be cleaned up. All equipment must be
returned, and labor is typically demobilized and
moved onto other construction projects. A punch
list of items that need further attention is created
and those items are addressed. All documents
related to the project are handed over to the owner,
and the owner’s team is trained on how to operate
all systems and equipment in their new charter

PICTURES FROM SITE

school building.