Subject: Chemistry

Year: 10
Topic: State of Matter (chapter 1)
Subtopics:

1.1 State of matter

1.2 Kinetic particle theory of matter
1.3 Mixture of substance and diffusion
Objectives:
• State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids
and gases
• Describe the structure of solids, liquids and gases in
terms of particle separation, arrangement and types
of motion

• Describe changes of state in terms of melting,

boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and
sublimation

• Describe qualitatively the pressure and temperature

of a gas in terms of the motion of its particles
• Describe and explain diffusionin terms of kinetic
particle theory

• Describe and explain the effect of relative molecular

mass on the rate of diffusion of gases
State of Matter & the
particle theory)
Solid:
Arrangement:
• Regular lattice (repeated) pattern
• Packed very Close together, touching each other

Movement:
• Vibrate in a fixed position (do not move apart)

Forces between particles:

• Strong force of attraction

Shape:
• Fixed/defined shape and volume

Density:
• High density
liquid:
Arrangement:
• Irregular pattern
• Close together, touching each other

Movement:
• Move around and slide past one another

Forces between particles:

• Weak force of attraction

Shape:
• No fixed shape
• Fixed volume
• Take shape of container

Density:
• Medium density
gas:
Arrangement:
• Irregular pattern
• Very far apart
Movement:
• Random movement (all move in one direction)
• They collide with each other (this is how pressure is created
inside a can of gas)

Forces between particles:

• Very weak force of attraction
Shape:
• No fixed shape or volume
• Take shape of container
• Can be compressed because there is lots of space between
the particles)
Density:
• low density
Changes in States of Matter
Melting:
• Melting is when a solid changes into a liquid.

• Requires heat energy (endothermic) which

transforms into kinetic energy, allowing the particles
to move

• When the temperature is high enough, the vibration of

the particles become sufficient to overcome the force of
attraction between them.

• The particles begin to break away from their fixed

position.

• Occurs at a specific temperature known as the melting

point (m.p.) which is unique to each pure solid
freezing:
• Freezing is when a liquid changes into a solid

• This is the reverse of melting and occurs at exactly

the same temperature as melting, hence the melting point
and freezing point of a pure substance are the same.

• Water for example freezes and melts at 0ºC

• Requires a significant decrease in temperature (or loss of

thermal energy - exothermic).

• The particles lose kinetic energy and begin to move

more slowly, eventually they settle into a fixed
position.
boiling:

• Boiling is when a liquid changes into a gas

• Requires heat which causes bubbles of gas to

form below the surface of a liquid, allowing
for liquid particles to escape from the surface and
within the liquid

• Occurs at a specific temperature known as the boiling

point (b.p.) which is unique to each pure liquid
evaporation:
• When a liquid changes into a gas.

• Evaporation occurs ONLY at the surface of liquids

(high energy particles escape from the liquid’s surface
at low temperatures)

• The larger the surface area and the warmer the

liquid/surface, the more quickly a liquid can evaporate.

• No heat is required and evaporation occurs over

a range of temperatures.

• Liquids that evaporate quickly at room temperature are

called volatile liquids. Petrol and perfume are examples
of volatile liquids
Difference between boiling and evaporation:
condensation:
• When a gas changes into a liquid, usually on cooling.

• When water vapour touches a cold surface, condensation

occurs and liquid water is obtained.

• The gas particles lose energy and move more slowly

• As the particles bump into each other, they lack energy to

bounce away again, instead grouping together to form a
liquid

• No energy is required for condensation to occur and it takes

place over a range of temperatures
sublimation:
• When a solid changes directly into a gas

• This happens to only a few solids such as:

1. Iodine (at 100°C sublimes from solid to
toxic purple gas).
2. Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice)

• The reverse reaction also happens and is also

called desublimation or deposition

• Sublimation occurs at a specific temperature

which is unique for a pure substance
 Heating and cooling curve
The horizontal
Heating and cooling graphs are used to summarise:
sections occur when
 How the temperature of a there is a change of
substance changes when energy state but there is no
change in
is transferred to or away from it temperature
 Where changes of state occur
 Heating - energy is
transferred to the system (kinetic
energy of the molecules increases)
 Cooling - energy is
 Whentransferred away
substances are from
heated, the the
particles
systemabsorb
(orthermal energy to
dissipated which
theis
converted into kinetic energy.
surroundings)
 Heating a solid causes its particles to vibrate more
and as the temperature increases, they vibrate so These curves are used to
much that the solid expands until the structure show how changes in
breaks and the solid melts temperature affect
 changes of state
 Heating curve: cooling curve:
• A the particles are moving apart, the force of • As the particles come closer, new force
attraction becomes weaker. of interaction takes place.

• Energy is taken in during the change • Energy is given out during the change
(endothermic change) (exothermic change)

• Temperature remains unchanged until the • Temperature remains unchanged until

liquid or gas is totally formed the liquid or solid is totally formed
Pure substance:
• A pure substance consists of only one substance
without any contaminating impurities.
• Water is a volatile liquid (easily evaporates at normal
temperature).

• Ethanol is more volatile than water as it has a boiling

point of 78°c therefore evaporates more easily.

• Pure substances melt and boil at specific and sharp

temperatures (Water’s boiling point is 100 °C and melting point is
0 °C)
• Mixtures have a range of melting and boiling points
(consist of different substances that melt or boil at different
temperatures)
The effect of temperature and pressure on the volume of a
Gas (kinetic theory):

 The effect of
• Temperature:
Gaseous particles are in constant and random motion.
• An increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of
each particle (heat energy is transformed to kinetic energy)

• The particles move faster, increasing the space between them (this
space is called intermolecular space).

 As temperature increases,
the gas volume increases
 The density decreases as the
volume increases so the
balloon rises.
 The effect of
•Pressure:
The pressure that a gas creates inside a closed container is
produced by the gaseous particles hitting the inside walls
of the container.

• As the temperature increases, the gas particles move faster,

impacting each other and with the containers walls
more frequently

• If the particles move closer to each other, the volume of the

gas decreases.
• If they are close enough, the force of attraction between
them become stronger and the gas will change to liquid.

 An increase in
temperature causes an
increase in pressure
Dissolving:
• When something dissolves in a liquid it forms a solution.
• The liquid is called a solvent and the solid that dissolves in it
is called the solute.
• If a substance dissolves in a solvent, it is said to be soluble. If
it doesn’t dissolve, it is insoluble.

Mechanism:
• Based on particle theory, there are small gaps between the
particles in a liquid.

• During dissolving, particles of solvent collide with particles

of solute. They surround the particles of solute, gradually
moving them away until the particles are evenly spread
through the solvent.
Diffusion:
The process by which
different gases or different
liquids mix and is due to
the random motion of their
particles
• Diffusing particles move from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration
• Eventually the concentration of particles is even as they spread
out to occupy all of the available space
• Diffusion happens on its own and no energy input is required
although it occurs faster at higher temperatures

• The rate of diffusion in liquids is much slower than in gases.

• Diffusion does not take place in solids as the particles can not
move around.
Diffusion & Relative Molecular
Mass:
 Diffusion occurs much faster in gases than in liquids as gaseous
particles move much quicker.
 At the same temperature, different gases DO NOT diffuse at the
same rate.
 This is due to the difference in their relative molecular masses
 Relative molecular masses = the sum of mass number of each atom in
the molecule)
 Lighter gas particles can travel faster,

The lower its relative mass the

faster/greater (lighter) a gas
will diffuse
EXAMPLE:
 This can be demonstrated in the reaction between ammonia,
NH3, and hydrogen chloride gas, HCl, inside a long glass tube

 Where the two gases meet a white smoke of ammonium

chloride, NH4Cl, is formed NOT in the middle of the tube, but
much closer to the end with the hydrogen chloride.

 hydrogen chloride (Mr = 36.5) and the ammonia (Mr = 17), so

ammonia molecules are smaller and lighter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=hkBrw2fG75U&list=PLidqqIGKox7WeOKVGHxcd69kKqtwrKl8
W&index=22

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=iyCLDHG1PCA&list=PLidqqIGKox7WeOKVGHxcd69kKqtwrKl8
W&index=3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=it_fMQu5ivg&list=PLidqqIGKox7WeOKVGHxcd69kKqtwrKl8W
&index=25
Summ
ary: