Unit 6 - Part 1

Reaction Types and Rates

Different types of
reactions and what
causes them to go faster
 Chemical Equations

● Chemical equations show a reaction between

starting materials (reactants) and ending
materials (products)
● The arrow indicates the reaction taking place
● According to the Law of Conservation of Matter,
matter cannot be created nor destroyed. What is on
the left MUST equal what is on the right of a
chemical reaction equation.
Sometimes:
States of Matter

Heat
Example Reaction Equation
 Reaction Equation Breakdown

1 CO (s) + 1 H 2 O (l) ↔ 1 CO 2 (aq) + 1 H 2 (g) + heat

● The small letters after the substance have meanings

you have to know (tells us the state of the substance
in the equation)
s: solid l: liquid g: gas aq: aqueous
■ Aqueous solutions contain solutes dissolved in water
 What if they don’t balance?

● If all reactants and products are the same on both

sides of the equation, it is already balanced (we
write all coefficients as 1) – see example on slide 4

● In this example below, the number of chlorine

atoms on either side of the reaction equation are
not equal
● Use the smallest possible number to balance the
two sides of the equation.
Tic Tac Toe Method

● Write the elements and polyatomic ions in the middle

● Balance one at a time
● Use least common multiples
● Check new coefficients
● Do not alter already-balanced elements
Tic Tac Toe Method
Tic Tac Toe Method
Mg + Fe2O3 → Fe + MgO

3 Mg + 1 Fe2O3 → 2 Fe + 3 MgO
C2H4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

1 C2H4 + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 2 H2O

NH3 + I2 → N2I6 + H2

2 NH3 + 3 I2 → 2 N2I6 + 3 H2
C4H10 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
 Balancing Reminders
● Elements may be present in more than one reactant
or product – balance these LAST!
● Keep PAI together (NO3, SO4, etc.). Only if PAI
appears on both side of the reaction. If only on one
side, it is broken apart
● Water can be split into hydrogen and oxygen atoms
when balancing (may be easier), just make sure to
put back as H2O when finished
Example with PAI
H3PO4 + Mg(OH)2 → Mg3(PO4)2 +
H2O
H3PO4 + Mg(OH)2 → Mg3(PO4)2 + H2
● Keep polyatomic
+ions
O together 12 5 H 2 12

● Separate H2O to 6 2 O 1 6
H2 + O PO4
2 1 2

3 1 Mg 3
Fully balanced equation:
2H3PO4 + 3Mg(OH)2 → 1Mg3(PO4)2
Try this one …

NaBr + H3PO4 → Na3PO4 + HBr

 Reaction Types
● Reactions can be classified by their structure
(what’s happening/how’s it happening)
● They occur when the reactants differ from the
products
● There are 8 types we are going to look at and define
 Synthesis
When 2 or more reactants form 1 new
substance
Ca + S CaS
A+B AB
Peanut butter + jelly PB&J
Red +blue Purple
example: 2 K (s) + Cl2 (g) → 2 KCl
(s)
 Decomposition
When 1 substance forms 2 or more substances
(breaks apart/decomposes)
CaS Ca + S
AB A+B
Salted fries Salt + fries
Kool Aid Water + sugar + Kool Aid mix

example: CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s)

+CO2 (g)
 Single Replacement

When one element assumes the place of another

element of its own kind (metal replaces metal, nonmetal
replaces non metal ONLY)
One element replaces one other element
MgSe + S MgS + Se
AB + C AC + B
Ham sandwich + turkey slice → Turkey sandwich + ham
slice
example: Zn (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → ZnCl2
(aq) + H2 (g)
 Double Replacement

When 2 elements switch places. (metal switches

with another metal)
CaS + MgSe MgS+ CaSe
AB + CD AD + CB
Strawberry Lemonade + Chocolate Milk →
Strawberry Milk + Chocolate Lemonade

example: Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 Kl (aq) → 2KNO3

(aq) + PbI2 (s)
Neutralization (acid-base reaction)

●When you combine an acid and a base

resulting in a salt and water
HX + YOH XY + HOH (H2O)
●These are similar to a reaction type you will
see soon but are considered differently as
water is always a product for these
reactions
example: H2SO4 (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) → Na2SO4
(aq) + 2 H2O (l)
 Combustion
● Must have a hydrocarbon and oxygen gas as
the reactants
● Resulting product will be carbon dioxide gas and
water vapor
CH4 + O2 H2O + CO2
not balanced

Hydrocarbon + oxygen → water + carbon

dioxide
example: 2 C8H18 (g) + 25 O2 (g) → 16 CO2 (g) + 18
H O (g)
 Dissociation

● The breakdown of ionic compounds into ions

● This is ONLY when ionic compounds go into water

NaCl Na+ + Cl-

AB A+ + B-

This is very similar to decomposition, but with ions

instead of neutral atoms being produced
example: NaCl (s) → Na+ (aq) + Cl–
(aq)
 Oxidation/ Reduction “REDOX”
Reactions
● Redox reaction – a reaction in which electrons are
transferred from one atom to another
● Oxidation – loss of electrons from atoms of a substance
● Reduction – gain of electrons by atoms of a substance

LEO the lion says GER

LEO: loses electrons
and oxidized
GER: gains electrons
and reduced

example: 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe3O4

What’s actually making a reaction
happen successfully?
●Collision theory- the idea that atoms have
to be moving in specific ways in order to
react with one another
○ Energy- atoms need kinetic energy (energy of
moving) in order to react
○ Orientation- atoms have to be angled at each other
the right way in order to react
Rates of Reaction
● Not all reactions occur at the same time
● Some go fast, some go slow
● Certain factors can affect a rate of a reaction:
● Temperature
● Concentration
● Catalysts
● Surface Area
● Gas pressure
Factors that affect the rate of reaction

●Temperature: higher the temperature,

the faster the reaction will occur
○ Particles will be moving quickly and more
likely to collide with one another
●Concentration: the more particles you
have, the faster the reaction will occur
○ More particles can collide with each other,
causing reactions to happen faster
 Rates of Reaction
● Catalysts: something that is not created or
destroyed in a reaction, only used to speed up the
process (will not affect equilibrium “shift”)
● Surface Area: more surface area = faster
reactions
○ If there is more area for other particles to collide, the
reactions will happen faster
● Gas Pressure: higher pressure = faster reactions
○ Particles get closer together and are forced into each
other with higher pressure
Equilibrium

● Equilibrium: a physical state of balance, specifically in a

reaction, where the concentrations on both sides of the
reaction arrow remain constant

● Almost all reactions will eventually return to equilibrium.

○ Some reactions go to completion where the equation will not
go back to what it was before
○ Reactions that can reach equilibrium have a different arrow
 Le Chatelier’s Principle - When some type of stress is
acted upon a system in equilibrium, the system will
shift to minimize the stress and return to equilibrium

When a reaction “shifts”, it simply means that the reaction will go

more in one direction than the other
○ Can go more to the right or more to the left side of the chemical
equation.
○ Equations shift to make sure everyone is as equal/balanced as possible.
○ If you add more on the right, the equilibrium will shift left (reverse also
true)
○ If you take some away from the right, the equilibrium will shift right to
make up for what’s lost (reverse also true)
Entropy

● A measure of randomness
● All systems will try to become more disordered,
usually with relation to the type of substances are
in the equation
○ Example: an increase in temperature will have an effect
on a system, trying to become more disordered. The
equilibrium will shift to the side with more moles of gas
Summary
● Increase a reactant = eq. shifts towards products
● Decrease a reactant = eq. shifts towards reactants
● Increase a product = eq. shifts towards reactants
● Decrease a product = eq. shifts towards products
● Increase temperature = eq. shifts towards side with
more moles of gas
➔ If exothermic, increase heat shifts toward reactants
➔ If endothermic, increase heat shifts toward products
● Increase pressure = eq. shifts towards side with fewest
moles of gas
 Example Equation
2 PbS (g) + 3 O2 (g) ⇌ 2 PbO (g) + 2 SO2 (g)
● How would the equilibrium shift if you…
○ Add PbS?
○ Remove O2?
○ Remove PbO?
○ Add SO2?
○ Increased pressure?
○ Increase temperature?