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The document discusses the concepts of judgment and proposition, defining judgment as an act of the mind and proposition as a declarative sentence expressing relations between terms. It categorizes propositions into categorical and hypothetical types, detailing their subtypes based on quantity and quality. The document also explains the structure and examples of categorical propositions and outlines the three kinds of hypothetical propositions: conditional, disjunctive, and conjunctive.

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2 views

Chapter-4-Judgment-proposition-Copy

The document discusses the concepts of judgment and proposition, defining judgment as an act of the mind and proposition as a declarative sentence expressing relations between terms. It categorizes propositions into categorical and hypothetical types, detailing their subtypes based on quantity and quality. The document also explains the structure and examples of categorical propositions and outlines the three kinds of hypothetical propositions: conditional, disjunctive, and conjunctive.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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JUDGMENT &

PROPOSITION
Chapter 4

Mr. J.D. Carreon,


RPm.
LEARNING CONTENT
1. Natureof judgment and proposition
2. Categorical Proposition
3. Hypothetical proposition
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students are
expected to:
1. Distinguish a judgment from proposition
2. Identify the kinds of categorical propositions
according quantity and quality; and
3. State the kinds of hypothetical propositions
What is Judgment?
Judgement is defined as an act
of the mind pronouncing the
agreement or disagreement of
ideas among themselves (Bittle,
2010).

Judgment is verbally expressed


through the proposition.
What is Proposition?
A proposition is a declarative
sentence which expresses a
relation of affirmation or denial
between terms (Baldemeca, et
al., 1984).
Divisions of Proposition
There are two basic proposition:
a. Categorical proposition
b. Hypothetical proposition
A. Categorical Proposition
A Categorical Proposition is one which
gives a direct assertion of agreement or
disagreement between the subject term
and predicate term (Timbreza, 1999). A
proposition is categorical when the
predicate term is either affirmed or
denied of the subject term outright,
without restriction (Alviar et al., 1995)
Categorical Proposition
Examples: All successful business man are
assets of their town.
No CLDHEI professors are doltish.

A categorical proposition consists of three


component parts: SUBJECT (S), COPULA (C),
PREDICATE (P).
KINDS OF CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
Categorical propositions have the
following properties : QUANTITY
& QUALITY
According to Quantity.
The quantity refers to the extension
of the subject term, that is whether
the nature or essence about which
the proposition says is taken in its
whole extension or only part of it. If
the subject is particular, the
proposition is particular.
1. Universal proposition – one whose
subject is universal and it is applied
distributivity to each and all of the class

Examples : All sins are forgiven.


No one is righteous.
2. Particular proposition – one
whose subject is particular, and it
applied to an indefinite number of
individuals.
Examples: Some educational preschool toys are
costly.
Several dictionaries are not complete.
Majority of movies in DVD’s are pirated.
Many batteries are not rechargeable.
According to Quality
The quality of a proposition establishes the
kind of relation asserted between the
predicate and the subject of a proposition. If
there is agreement between the subject
and the predicate a proposition is considered
affirmative. If there is disagreement
between the subject and the predicate, a
proposition is considered negative.
1. Affirmative proposition – is
a proposition whose affirmative
copula joins the subject with the
predicate.
Example: Every kare-kare is served with
alamang.
Each iced buko is delicious.
Sky diving is a perilous sports.
St. Thomas is an angelic doctor.
2. Negative proposition – is one whose
separates the subject with the predicate.
Examples : No wet ones hand and facial wipes
are for internal use.
Some guinataan are not cooked
with corn.
Few Tom and Jerry slippers are not
boxed.
Suman sa ibus is not sour.
Basic Standard form of
CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
Categorical propositions have two properties: quality
and quantity. Combining the quantity and quality, four
standard forms of categorical propositions are
produced:
1. A – UNIVERSAL AFFIRMATIVE
2. E – UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE
3. I – PARTICULAR AFFIRMATIVE
4. O – PARTICULAR NEGATIVE
A – UNIVERSAL AFFIRMATIVE
(All CLDHEI teachers are working.)
E – UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE
(No CLDHEI teachers are working.)
I – PARTICULAR AFFIRMATIVE
(Some CLDHEI teachers are working.)
O – PARTICULAR NEGATIVE
(Some CLDHEI teachers are not working.)
This diagram is adapted from Baldemeca, et. Al., 198

QUANTITY
(Extension of the
Subject)

UNIVERS PARTICULA
AL
A O R

AFFIRMATI NEGATIV
VE I E E

QUALITY (Copula)
QUALITY
QUANTITY
Affirmative (+) Negative (-)
A E
UNIVERSAL
(All S are P) (No S are P)
I O
PARTICULAR
(Some S are P) (Some S are P)
BASIC STAN D AR D FORM OR BASIC TYPES
HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITION
The hypothetical proposition is a
compound proposition which contains a
proposed or tentative explanation. A
hypothetical proposition expresses a relation
of dependence, opposition or similarity between
two clauses.
There are 3 kinds of hypothetical
propositions:
1. Conditional proposition
2. Disjunction proposition
3. Conjunction proposition
Conditional Proposition
The C.P is a compound proposition in
which one clause assert something as
true provided that the other clause is
true. The 1st clause is the “if” clause and
is termed the antecedent: the 2nd clause
is the “then” clause and is called the
consequent (Cruz, 1995).
Conditional Proposition
LOGICAIN FORM: if (antecedent). . . Then
(consequent) . . . .

Examples: -If the weather is fine, then we shall go


shopping at MOA.
-Since Paul is late, he cannot take the test.
-Unless a man be born again, he cannot
enter into the kingdom of God.
Disjunctive Proposition
A D.P is a hypothetical proposition which
contains an “either-or” statement, indicating
that the implied judgment cannot be true
together nor false together, but one must be
true and the other is false (Bittle, 2010). There
are two types of disjunction proposition:
PERFECT & IMPERFECT.
Disjunction Proposition (perfect)
Examples: -Either a square is a four-sided or it is
non-four sided figure.
-My jacket is either new or old.
-The puma is either alive or dead

A disjunction is perfect if the statement implied


can neither be true nor false together at the same
time.
Disjunction Proposition
(imperfect)
Examples: - Jeff is either driving a car or singing a
song
- Jonah is either walking a dog or talking to
it.
- Rens drinks either milk or soda.

A disjunction is imperfect when and where the


statements can be true together but never false
together, that is, at least of the disjuncts is true.
Conjunctive Proposition
A C.P is a hypothetical proposition which
expresses a judgment that two alternative
assumptions are not or cannot be true
simultaneously (Bittle, 2010).
LOGICIAN FORM: . . .cannot be. . .and. . .at the
same time
Conjunctive Proposition
Example: -Dr. Ellaine cannot be in the hospital and
in the market at the same time.
-A CLDH EI student cannot be at SAO and
at GE department at the same time.
-It is obvious that a person cannot be
white-skinned and black at the same time.
Thank you for listening!

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