WIND Energy

Module-2
• Power in the Wind – Types of Wind Power Plants(WPPs)–Components of
WPPs-Working of WPPs- Siting of WPPs-Grid integration issues of WPPs.
 Introduction
• The key characteristics of a good wind power site are :
high average wind speed.
sufficient separation from noise-sensitive equipment’s.
 good grid connection.
good site access.
 Wind Energy Basics
• Wind is caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun,
variations in the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth.
• Mountains, bodies of water and vegetation influence wind flow patterns.
Wind speeds vary based on geography, topography and season.
• Wind power is the convert air motion to electricity
• The power in the wind is extracted by allowing it to blow past moving
blades that exert torque on a rotor.
• The amount of power transferred is dependent on the rotor size and the
wind speed
• The types of wind
power plants based on
capacity are :
• Utility-scale wind
• Distributed or "small"
wind
• Offshore wind
Windmills
Wind turbines
Wind farms
 Power in the wind
• The movement of air due to atmospheric pressure gradients.
• Wind flows from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure.

• The most important factors are :

Uneven solar heating
The Coriolis effect
local geographical conditions
Uneven solar heating
1)the surface of the earth is perpendicular to the path of the
sunrays at the equator but parallel to the sunrays at the poles
2)a temperature gradient from the equator to the poles and a
pressure gradient from the poles to the equator.
3)hot air with lower air density at the equator rises to the high
atmosphere and moves towards the poles and cold air with
higher density flows from the poles towards the equator along
the earth‘s surface
• The earth‘s self-rotating axis has a tilt of about 23.5° with
respect to its ecliptic plane. It is the tilt of the earth‘s axis
during the revolution around the sun that results in cyclic
uneven heating, causing the yearly cycle of seasonal weather
changes.
• The earth‘s surface is covered with different types of
materials such as vegetation, rock, sand, water,
ice/snow…
• leading to high temperature on some areas and low
temperature on others even at the same latitudes.
• uneven heating of solar radiation is due to the earth‘s
topographic surface.
• There are many mountains, valleys, hills, etc. on the earth,
resulting in different solar radiation on the sunny and shady
sides
Coriolis effect
• The Coriolis force, which is generated from the earth's self-
rotation, deflects the direction of atmospheric movements.
• Three convectional cells in each hemisphere: the Hadley cell,
the Ferrel cell, and the Polar cell
Idealized atmospheric
circulations
Local Geography
• The roughness on the earth‘s surface is a result of both natural
geography and manmade structures
• Wind Shear
The rate at which wind speed increases with height varies based
on local conditions of the topography, terrain, and climate, with
the greatest rates of increases observed over the roughest
terrain.
• wind speed increases about 10% with each doubling of height.
 Wind power parameters
• Power coefficient

ρ= Air Density
A=swept area of blades

• Total power conversion coefficient and effective

power output
• Lanchester–Betz limit
• Wind Speed – Power curve

• Tip Speed Ratio

• Types of Wind
Power Plants
(WPPs)
• Remote Wind Power
Plants
• Hybrid Wind Power
Plants
• Grid Connected
Wind Power Plants
Types of wind turbines
• Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)
HAWT Advantages:
• The tall tower base allows access to stronger wind in sites with wind
shear. In some wind shear sites, every ten meters up the wind speed
can increase by 20% and the power output by 34%.
• High efficiency, since the blades always move perpendicular to the
wind, receiving power through the whole rotation.
HAWT Disadvantages
• Massive tower construction is required to support the heavy blades,
gearbox, and generator.
• Components of horizontal axis wind turbine (gearbox, rotor shaft and
brake assembly) being lifted into position.
• Their height makes them obtrusively visible across large areas,
disrupting the appearance of the landscape and sometimes creating
local opposition.
• HAWTs require an additional yaw control mechanism to turn the
blades toward the wind.
• Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)
Different types of wind turbines
VAWT Advantages
• No yaw mechanisms is needed
• A VAWT can be located nearer the ground, making it easier to
maintain the moving parts.
• VAWTs have lower wind startup speeds than the typical HAWTs.
• VAWTs may be built at locations where taller structures are prohibited.
• VAWTs situated close to the ground can take advantage of locations
where rooftops, means hilltops, ridgelines, and passes funnel the wind
and increase wind velocity.
 VAWT Disadvantages:
• In contrast to HAWT, all vertical axis wind turbines, and most
proposed airborne wind turbine designs, involve various types of
reciprocating actions, requiring airfoil surfaces to the wind leads to
inherently lower efficiency.
• Most VAWTs have an average decreased efficiency from a common
HAWT, mainly because of the additional drag that they have as their
blades rotate into the wind.
• Having rotors located close to the ground where wind speeds are lower
and do not take advantage of higher wind speeds above.
 Control Mechanism of Wind Power
Plant
• Pitch Control
• Yaw Control
• Mechanical Brakes control
 Siting of WPPs
• High annual average wind speed
• Availability of anemometry data
• Availability of wind V(t) Curve at the proposed site
• Wind structure at the proposed site
• Altitude of the proposed site
• Terrain and its aerodynamic
• Local Ecology
• Distance to road or railways
• Nearness of site to local centre/users
• Nature of ground
• Favorable land cost
• High annual average wind speed:
The speed generated by the windmill depends on cubic
values of velocity of wind, the small increases in velocity markedly
affect the power in the wind.

• Availability of anemometry data:

The anemometry data should be available over some time period
at the precise spot where any proposed WECS is to be built and that
this should be accomplished before a siting decision is made.
• Availability of wind V(t) Curve at the proposed site:
It is desirable to have average wind speed ‘V‘ such that V>=12-16 km/hr.

• Wind structure at the proposed site:

The ideal case for the WECS would be a site such that the V(t) Curve was flat

• Altitude of the proposed site:

It affects the air density and thus the power in the wind and hence the useful
WECS electric power output.
• Terrain and its aerodynamic:
It may be possible to make use of hills or mountains which
channel the prevailing wind into a pass region, thereby obtaining
higher wind power.

• Local Ecology:
If the surface is base rock it may mean lower hub height
hence lower structure cost. If trees or grass or vegetation are
present, all of which tend to destructure the wind, the higher hub
heights will be needed resulting in larges system costs that the
bare ground case.
• Distance to road or railways:
This is another factor the system engineer must consider for
heavy machinery, structure, materials, blades and other apparatus
will have to be moved into any chosen WECS site

• Nearness of site to local centre/users:

This obvious criterion minimizes transmission line length and
hence losses and cost. Near to the user of the generated electric
energy.
• Nature of ground
Ground condition should be such that the foundation for a WECS are
secured. Ground surface should be stable
• Favourable land cost:
Land cost should be favorable as this along with other siting costs,
enters into the total WECS system cost.

• Other conditions
Such as icing problem, salt spray or blowing dust should not
present at the site, as they may affect aero turbine blades or
environmental is generally adverse to machinery and electrical
apparatus.
 Grid integration issues of WPPs.
• Number of issues need to be addressed in the following areas:
• Variability:
• Uncertainty:
• Location-specificity:
• Nonsynchronous generation:
• Low-capacity factor:
• Design and operation of the power system:
• Grid infrastructure issues:
• Grid connection of wind power:
• Market redesign issues:
Steps to integrate wind power to grid
• Improved planning and coordination :
VRE is matched up with appropriately flexible dispatchable
plants and transmission access so that energy can be shared more
fluidly within and between grid regions.
• Flexible rules and markets:
NREL(National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
A new Department of Energy study describes utility best practices
in "time-of-use pricing," which varies the price of electricity throughout
the day to encourage demand shifting.
• Flexible demand and storage:
demand can be managed like supply. "Demand response" programs
aggregate customers willing to let their load be ramped up and down or
shifted in time.
• Flexible conventional generation:
Though older coal and nuclear plants are fairly inflexible, with
extended shut-down, cool-off, and ramp-up times, lots of newer and
retrofitted conventional plants are more nimble
 Grid Integration of wind farms and
Power Quality Issues
• Issue of voltage variation:
If a large proportion of the grid load is supplied by wind turbines, the
output variations due to wind speed changes can cause voltage variation, flicker
effects in normal operation. The voltage variation can occur in specific situation,
as a result of load changes, and power produce from turbine
• Issue of voltage dips:
It is a sudden reduction in the voltage to a value between 1% & 90 % of
the nominal value after a short period of time, conventionally 1ms to 1min. This
problem is considered in the power quality and wind turbine generating system
operation and computed according to the rule given in IEC 61400-3-7 standard,
―Assessment of emission limit for fluctuating load.
• Switching operation of wind turbine on the grid:
. The maximum number of above specified switching operation
within 10- minute period and 2-hr period are defined in IEC 61400-3-7
Standard
• Harmonics:
This fact has lead to more stringent requirements regarding power
quality, such as Standard IEC 61000-3-2 or IEEE-519.
• Flickers:
• Reactive power:
• IEC recommendation:
Grid code for wind farms
• Parameter Allowable limit Voltage Rise < 2%
• Voltage dips ≤ 3 % Flicker ≤ 0.4,
• for average time of 2 hours
• Grid frequency 47.5-51.5 H