BRUSHLESS DC

MOTOR
 WHAT IS A DC
MOTOR ?
• A motor is a mechanical machine which
converts electrical power to rotational
mechanical power
• The motor which receives its input
electrical energy as direct current or DC
source is called a DC motor
• When a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a torque and has a
tendency to move , The direction of the
mechanical force is given by Fleming's
Left-hand Rule
• A DC motor which uses a commutator
for facilitating electric current reversal
requires the use of a carbon brush,these
 BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR

• As their name implies, brushless DC motors

do not use brushes.
• The Rotor consists of a permanent Magnet
and is independent from any connection
• The Stator has wound coils,which do not
rotate, but are instead fixed in place
• These coils are energized by the controlling
mechanism to produce rotating magnetic
flux
• Because the coils do not move, there is no
need for brushes and a commutator.
• With the brushed motor, rotation is achieved by
controlling the magnetic fields generated by the coils
on the rotor, while the magnetic field generated by
the stationary magnets remains fixed.
• To change the rotation speed, you change the voltage
for the coils.
• With a BLDC motor, it is the permanent magnet that
rotates, rotation is achieved by changing the direction
of the magnetic fields generated by the surrounding
stationary coils.
• To control the rotation, you adjust the magnitude
and direction of the current into these coils.
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• One big advantage is efficiency, as these motors can • The cost of a brushless DC motor is comparatively
control continuously at maximum rotational force higher as compared to brushed DC motor and the
(torque). Brushed motors, in contrast, reach maximum electronic controller also increases the cost of overall
torque at only certain points in the rotation.This is why setup
even small BLDC motors can deliver considerable • When brushless DC motor is operated at low speed,
power. slight vibrations occur during low-speed rotation, this
• controllability. BLDC motors can be controlled, using natural frequency can match or can come closer to the
feedback mechanisms, to delivery precisely the desired vibration frequency of the body or plastic parts
torque and rotation speed. Precision control in turn resulting in the occurrence of resonance phenomenon
reduces energy consumption and heat generation • These motors require sensing mechanism to sense
• BLDC motors also offer high durability and low electric position and control of current and voltage associated
noise generation, With brushed motors, the brushes with every coil phase
and commutator wear down as a result of continuous • These sensors have low tolerance to dust, and require
moving contact, and also produce sparks where contact regular maintenance. Others operate properly over
is made. only a limited range of temperatures.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF BLDC MOTOR
• To rotate a BLDC motor, one needs to control the direction and
timing of the current into the coils
• In this example we are using three coils, whereas in practice it is
more common to use six or more. But here we look at just three
coils, spaced at 120º
• Let’s label the coils U, V, and W. Remember that the passing of a
current through a coil generates a magnetic field. Since there are
three coils, there are three paths through which we can pass
current, we can call these phase U (current into coil U), phase V
(into coil V), and phase W
• The resultant flux is the result of the combined magnetic fields
from two consecutive phase. This large flux will cause the inner
rotor to turn until the S and N poles of the rotor permanent
magnet are aligned on this arrow (with the N pole closest to the
arrow tip)
• Rotation is maintained by continually switching the
flux so that the permanent magnet is constantly
chasing the rotating magnetic field induced by the
coils.
• energizing of U, V, and W must be continually
switched so that the resultant flux keeps moving,
producing a rotating field that continually pulls on
the rotor magnet.
• Figure shows the relationship between energized
phases and flux. As you can see, switching
sequentially through modes 1 through 6 will cause
the rotor to turn clockwise through one rotation.
• The speed of rotation can be controlled by
controlling the rate at which the phases change
 SINOSOIDAL CONTROL
• 120-degree conducting control, there are only
six resultant flux directions for driving the motor
• Repeating this process generates a continuous
rotation, but it is a very jerked motion which
causes unwanted vibrations and mechanical
noise.
• As an alternative to 120-degree conducting
control, we can use sinusoidal control to achieve
smoother and quieter operation.
• By carefully adjusting the current flow into each
of the three phases, we can achieve a more
continuous change in resultant flux, resulting in
smoother motor rotation.
 CONTROLLING BLDC MOTOR
• BLCD motors cannot use brushes or other mechanical contact to
achieve this reversal. Instead, they generally use inverter circuitry
to implement this control.
• The inverter circuitry to also used to adjust the voltage into each
coil, we can in addition control the magnitude of the current.
• A typical way to adjust the voltage is with pulse width modulation
(PWM). In this approach, we alter the voltage by lengthening or
reducing the pulse ON time
• Increasing the duty cycle has the same effect as raising the
voltage; reducing the duty cycle has the same effect as lowering
the current.
• PWM can be implemented using MPUs equipped with dedicated
PWM hardware. While 120-degree conductiong control only
requires two-phase voltage control and be implemented
relatively easily in software, sinusoidal control uses three-phase
voltage control and is considerably more complicated
 POSITIONING USING
SENSORS
• The permanent magnets on the rotor continually chase the shifting rotating magnetic field, causing the
rotor to turn.
• Applying current when the rotor position is unknown may cause the rotor to turn in the wrong direction.
The use of sensors prevents this problem.
• BLDC motor control must be coordinated with the rotor (magnet) position, these motors typically also
include sensors to detect this position.
 APPLICATIONS OF BLDC MOTOR
• Brushless DC motors (BLDC) are used for a wide variety of application requirements such as varying loads,
constant loads and positioning applications in the fields of industrial control, automotive, aviation,
automation systems, health care equipments, etc. Some specific applications of BLDC motors are
• Transport : Brushless motors are found in electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, personal transporters, and
electric aircraft. Most electric bicycles use brushless motors that are sometimes built into the wheel hub
itself, with the stator fixed solidly to the axle and the magnets attached to and rotating with the wheel
• Cordless tools :Brushless motors are found in many modern cordless tools, including some string trimmers,
leaf blowers, saws (circular or reciprocating), and drills/drivers. The advantages of brushless over brushed
motors (low weight, high efficiency) are more important to handheld, battery-powered tools
• Heating and ventilation: There is a trend in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and
refrigeration industries to use brushless motors instead of various types of AC motors. The most significant
reason to switch to a brushless motor is the dramatic reduction in power required to operate them versus a
typical AC motor.
• Industrial engineering: The application of brushless DC motors within industrial engineering primarily
focuses on manufacturing engineering or industrial automation design. In manufacturing, brushless motors
are primarily used for motion control, positioning or actuation systems.Brushless motors are ideally suited for
manufacturing applications because of their high power density, good speed-torque characteristics, high
efficiency, wide speed ranges and low maintenance
 APPLICATIONS OF BLDC MOTOR
• Motion control system: Brushless motors are commonly used
as pump, fan and spindle drives in adjustable or variable speed
applications as they are capable of developing high torque
with good speed response. In addition, they can be easily
automated for remote control. Due to their construction, they
have good thermal characteristics and high energy efficiency
• Positioning and actuation systems: Brushless motors are used
in industrial positioning and actuation applications. For
assembly robots, brushless stepper or servo motors are used
to position a part for assembly or a tool for a manufacturing
process, such as welding or painting
• Aeromodelling: Brushless motors have become a popular
motor choice for model aircraft including helicopters and
drones. Their favorable power-to-weight ratios and wide range
of available sizes, from under 5 grams to large motors rated at
well into the kilowatt output range, have revolutionized the
market for electric-powered model flight, displacing virtually
all brushed electric motors
THANK YOU
Reference:
• https://www.renesas.com/us/en/support/engineer-school/brushless-dc-motor-01-
overview
• https://www.renesas.com/us/en/support/engineer-school/brushless-dc-motor-02-
inverter-pmw

Brushless DC Motor
Automation IA – 2
Group 1 A.1