logic &

critical
Thinking
SKILLS FOR STUDENTS
 prayer
Dear God
Sometimes I feel stuck in a loop of
analyzing my life and experiences.

ask the
If I could figure things out on my own, I
would have done so already.
Lift me above this trap of the past.
Lord’s I open my mind and heart to Your spirit
now.

guidanc Reveal Your wisdom in me that I might

live the life You intend me to live.

e Establish a path before me that I can

understand and follow.
I follow as You lead. And so it is.
Amen.
 So, are
you
ready!?
guys...
let’s play a
game!
 logic &
critical
Thinking
THE PHILOSOPHICAL
INTERPRISE
Lesson 01 Definition of Philosophy

Outlin 02 Knowledge and Wisdom

e 03 Development of Philosophy

04 Philosophical Traditions &

Branches of Philosophy

05 Logic and Philosophy

Learning Outcomes
know and understand what
philosophy is;
distinguish knowledge from
wisdom;
determine the value of
philosophical thought; and
discover the connection of the
different historical development of
philosophy and its implications to
critical thinking.
what’s the
deal with
philosophy
anyway...?
 what are your
ideas about
philosophy?
 common
conceptions about
philosophy
Philosophy will clip an angel’s wing...
- John Keats
All philosophies, if you ride them home, ar
nonsense; but some are greater nonsense than
others.- Samuel Butler

There is only one thing that a philosopher can

be relied on to do, and that is to contradict other
philosophers.
- William James
 “If we live as we ought,
the we shall know things as
importance of they are, and that if we
see things as they are,
philosophy our vision will help us live
as we ought.”
-Cyril Edwin Mitchinson Joad
 two CRITICAL
Involves posing difficult and
complementar probing questions about various
y tasks of truth claims, both those made

philosophy
commonly in life and those made
by philosophers.

CONSTRUCTIVE

Involves developing an accurate

and productive picture of reality.
 01 • The word Philosophy comes from
two Greek words “Philos’ and

What Is ‘Sophia’, which mean Love and

Wisdom, respectively.

philosophy • Literally, Philosophy means, the

Love of Wisdom, and
philosophers are Lovers of
? Wisdom.
• Traditionally, Philosophy means,
the science of all things or
beings in their ultimate causes
and principles known by human
reason alone.
wisdom
or
knowledge
 02
knowledge
wisdom &
knowledg • An accurate understanding of
truth.

e • An exercise of the brain.

• It is a body of facts, and theories
attained in observation, years of
study, research, and experiences.
• The first step to attain wisdom.
 Galileo galile
wisdom & (1564-1642)
knowledg Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei,

e commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei

or simply Galileo, was an Italian
astronomer, physicist and engineer,
sometimes described as a polymath.
He was born in the city of Pisa, then
part of the Duchy of Florence.
 wisdom
• Understanding and living in light of how

wisdom & that truth applies to the situations and

relationships of your daily life.

knowledg • The commitment of your heart that will

lead to the transformation of your life.

e
• It is the ability to discern which of those
concepts are correct and right, and the
ability to apply these in daily life.
• can be attained through the experience of
others
• A process in attaining the truth, fact and
accuracy.
 king wisdom
solomon
God gave King Solomon “wisdom and
very great insight, and a breadth of
understanding as measureless as the
sand on the seashore” (1 Kings 4:29).
Solomon followed the reign of his
beloved father, David, with a reign of
wisdom so famous that news spread
to distant shores.
 knowledge is
knowing that a
tomato is a fruit.
but wisdom is
knowing that it
shouldn’t be in
the fruit salad.
development
of
philosophy
 03 ANCIENT

early beginnings
of
PRE-SOCRATIC SOCRATIC

MEDIEVAL

philosophy MODERN

CONTEMPORARY
 1 ANCIENT

The term "ancient philosophy" refers to an era of

philosophy that starts with the origins of
philosophy in ancient Greece until the fall of the
Roman empire. In other words, ancient philosophy
began in the 6th century BCE and persisted until
roughly the 5th century CE.

In ancient Greece, philosophers contemplated and

theorized about many different ideas such as
human nature, ethics, moral dilemmas, and
humanity’s place in the universe.
 A PRE-SOCRATIC

Pre-Socratic philosophers mostly investigated

natural phenomena. They believed that
humans originated from a single substance,
which could be water, air, or an unlimited
substance called “apeiron.” They were
recognized in antiquity as the first
philosophers and scientists of the Western
tradition.

Focused on finding the “Basic Stuff” of the

world and the natural phenomena.
 B SOCRATIC

The Socratic philosophers in ancient Greece

were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. These are
some of the most well-known of all Greek
philosophers.

It roughly spans the 5th and 4th centuries

BCE and is characterized by a shift from the
cosmological inquiries of the Pre-Socratics to
a focus on human ethics, knowledge, and the
nature of good life.
 2 MEDIEVAL

Medieval philosophy encompasses the

philosophical ideas explored in Western
Europe during the Middle Ages, roughly
between the 5th and 15th centuries.

it was heavily influenced by Christianity and

sought to reconcile faith with reason. Key
themes explored by medieval philosophers
include the nature of God, the existence of
universals, and the problem of free will.
 4 MODERN

Modern philosophy broadly refers to the

philosophical movement that emerged in
Western Europe during the 17th and 18th
centuries. It marked a distinct shift from
medieval philosophy by emphasizing reason and
scientific inquiry over faith and religious dogma.

Modern philosophers like Rene Descartes, John

Locke, and Immanuel Kant laid the groundwork
for many of the core questions and debates that
continue to shape philosophy today.
 5 CONTEMPORARY

Contemporary philosophy refers to the

current era in Western philosophy, generally
encompassing the 20th and 21st centuries.

It’s characterized by the rise of analytic and

continental philosophy, two broad
approaches that address a wide range of
philosophical issues.
 philosophical
traditions and
branches of
philosophy
 empiricism
04

philosophical rationalism
traditions
realism
idealism
 empiricism rationalism
Empiricism is an epistemological The epistemological view that
view that holds that true "regards reason as the chief source
knowledge or justification comes and test of knowledge" or "any view
only or primarily from sensory appealing to reason as a source of
experience and empirical knowledge or justification.”
evidence.
More formally, rationalism is defined
It is one of several competing as a methodology or a theory "in
views within epistemology, along which the criterion of truth is not
with rationalism and skepticism. sensory but intellectual and
deductive".
empiricism rationalism
 realism idealism
The view that a certain kind of The set of metaphysical
thing has mind-independent perspectives asserting that, most
existence, i.e. that it exists even fundamentally, reality is
in the absence of any mind equivalent to mind, spirit, or
perceiving it or that its existence consciousness; that reality is
is not just a mere appearance in entirely a mental construct; or
the eye of the beholder that ideas are the highest type of
reality or have the greatest claim
to being considered "real".
 Metaphysics
04 Cosmology

branches of Epistemology
Theodicy
philosophy Rational Psychology
Political Philosophy
Axiology
Logic
A metaphysics
The branch of Philosophy that studies the nature of
reality.The science of beings in their general forms.

cosmology B
In philosophy, cosmology is the philosophical
examination of the origin and nature of the universe.
The science of the nature of the world

C epistemology
The branch of philosophy that studies the nature and scope of
knowledge.
The science of the validity of human knowledge.
D theodicy
The philosophical study of the nature and
attributes of God.

rational psychology E
The science of the nature of man, his powers, acts &
habits.

F political philosophy
The science of the sociality of man and nature of
society.
 G. axiology
Axiology is the philosophical study of value. It includes
questions about the nature and classification of values
and about what kinds of things have value.

ethics
Ethics is the philosophical study of moral phenomena. Also called
moral philosophy, it investigates normative questions about what
people ought to do or which behavior is morally right.

aesthetics
Aesthetics, the philosophical study of beauty and taste. It is closely related to
the philosophy of art, which is concerned with the nature of art and the
concepts in terms of which individual works of art are interpreted and
H. logic

The art & science of correct

inferential thinking.
 D logic

Evaluation and analysis are important

aspects of critical thinking. Not only do you
need to understand the information, but you
also need to identify what is important to
solve the problem or make a decision.

It is also the ability to ask relevant

questions, gather facts from trustworthy
sources, and assess your research.
4 Critical
Thinking
01
Skills
Observation

02 Interpretation

03 Evaluation

04 Inference
 01 Observation

Observation means paying close attention

to what is around you and the information
you are taking in. Notice what details stand
out to you.

Being observant helps students quickly

identify problems and possible solutions.
 How to observation skills
Improve You can use a mindfulness technique in
which you notice what you see, hear,
smell, taste, and touch in the present
moment.

This will help students train their minds

to take their time when processing
information.
 02 Interpretation

Interpretation is understanding what the

information is telling you.

Ask yourself: Do you grasp the important

points? Could you clearly explain it to
someone else? If not, you may need to ask
questions or complete more research.
 How to Interpretation
skills
Improve Read a story and explain the plot in a
few sentences to someone. Is there a
moral or lesson to be learned?

You can also try teaching a skill to a

classmate or friend. How would you
explain it so that it makes sense to
them?
 03 Evaluation

Evaluation and analysis are important

aspects of critical thinking. Not only do you
need to understand the information, but you
also need to identify what is important to
solve the problem or make a decision.

It is also the ability to ask relevant

questions, gather facts from trustworthy
sources, and assess your research.
 How to Evaluation skills
Improve Read a news article and then look for
alternate sources with the same topic.

Are there any differences in the

information between the articles?

Can you recognize what is fact and

what is opinion? How do you know?
 04 Inference

When we make a conclusion based on our

collected evidence and research, we are making
an inference.

You may not have all the information you need,

but it can help you narrow down your choices for a
solution or decision.

Your inferences will become more accurate with

practice.
 How to Inference skills
Improve Read a story and try to predict what
will happen next as you go through
the text.

Write down or highlight the evidence

or clues that you are basing your
inferences on.
Evaluate if your conclusions were
correct or not.
importance of critical
thinking
• Increases confidence in our ability to analyze
and evaluate information
• Helps us make informed decisions, problem
solve, and cope with challenges
• Empowers us to trust the choices and decisions
we make
• Aids us in adapting to changes more effectively
and positively
• Improves our ability to recognize facts, opinions,
and misinformation
Resources