Unit – 4

SYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL
CIRCUITS
Sequential Circuits
The outputs of sequential circuit depends not only on the combination of
present inputs but also on the previous outputs.
Types of Sequential Circuits
• Asynchronous sequential circuits : In asynchronous
sequential circuits change in input signals can affect
memory element at any instant of time.
• Synchronous sequential circuits : In Synchronous
sequential circuits, signals can affect the memory
elements only at discrete instants of time.
The Comparison Between Combinational and Sequential Circuits
Classification of Logic Circuits
Comparison Between Synchronous and
Asynchronous Sequential Circuits
 Clock Signal
• A clock signal is a particular type of signal that
oscillates between a high and a low state. It is
produced by clock generator.

Types of Triggering
• Level triggering
• Edge triggering
Level triggering
• Positive level triggering- If the sequential circuit is operated
with the clock signal when it is in Logic High, then that type of
triggering is known as Positive level triggering

• Negative level triggering- If the sequential circuit is operated

with the clock signal when it is in Logic Low, then that type of
triggering is known as Negative level triggering.
Edge triggering
• Positive edge triggering - If the sequential circuit is
operated with the clock signal that is transitioning from Logic
Low to Logic High, then this is known as Positive edge
triggering

• Negative edge triggering - If the sequential circuit is

operated with the clock signal that is transitioning from Logic
High to Logic Low, then this is known as Negative edge
triggering
LATCHES and FLIP FLOPS
• A flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can
be used to store one bit either 0 or 1.
• The main difference between latches and flip-flops is that,
latches operate with enable signal, which is level sensitive
whereas, flip-flops are edge sensitive.

Types of flipflop
1.SR Flipflop
2.D Flipflop
3. JK Flipflop
4. T flipflop
Bi-Stable Element
Clocked SR Flipflop (Set-Reset Flipflop)

Logic Symbol Logic Diagram

 Clocked SR Flipflop Working
Case1: When S=R=0, clk=1,Qn=0, Case1: When S=R=0, clk=1,Qn=1,

Qn+1=0 same as previous output Qn+1=1 same as previous output

 Clocked SR Flipflop Working
Contd..

Case2: When S=0; R=1, clk=1, Qn=0, Case 2: When S=0; R=1, clk=1, Qn=1

Qn+1= 0 Reset Qn+1 = 0 Reset

 Clocked SR Flipflop Working Cont..

Case 3: When S=1; R=0, clk=1, Qn=0, Case 3: When S=1; R=0, clk=1, Qn=1

Qn+1= 1 Set Qn+1 = 1 Set

 Clocked SR Flipflop Working
Cont..
Case 4: When S=1; R=1, clk=1, Qn=0, Case 4: When S=1; R=1, clk=1, Qn=1

Qn+1= 1 & Q’n+1 is also one which Qn+1= 1 & Q’n+1 is also one which
is an indeterminate state is an indeterminate state
Clocked SR Flipflop Working
Contd..
• Case 1: If S=R=0 and the clock pulse is applied,
the output do not change, Qn+1 = Qn
• Case 2: If S= 0, R=1 and the clock pulse is applied, Qn+1=
0
• Case 3: If S= 1, R=0 and the clock pulse is applied, Qn+1=
1
• Case4: If S= 1, R=1 and the clock pulse is applied, the
state of the flipflop is undefined.
Clocked SR Flipflop Working Contd..

Characteristic Equation

Qn+1 = S+ R’Qn
 D Flipflop
• The modified SR flipflop is known as delay flipflop (D
Flipflop).
• D input is connected to S input and complement of D
input is connected to R input of SR flipflop.

Logic symbol
 D Flipflop working cont…

( i) When D=1, S=1 and R=0 ; the output is set

Logic Diagram (ii) When D=0, S=0 and R=1 ; the output is reset

Characteristic table

Characteristic Equation State diagram Excitation table

Qn+1 = D
 JK Flipflop

• JK flipflop is also a modification of SR flipflop.

• The uncertainity in the state of an SR flipflop when S=R=1 is being
eliminated in JK flipflop.

Logic symbol
 JK Flipflop working cont…

Logic Diagram J input is ANDed with Q’ to obtain S input and K input is ANDed
with Q to obtain R input.
Thus S= J.Q’ and R= K.Q.

Case 1: J=K=0
When J=K=0, S=R=0 and according to truth table of SR flipflop,
output does not change. Hence,
when J=K=0; Qn+1= Qn (no output change)

Case 2: J=0 and K=1

Q=0, Q’=1 : When J=0 ,K=1 and Q=0; S=0 and R=0 then Qn+1=0.
Q=1, Q’=0 : When J=0 ,K=1 and Q=1; S=0 and R=1 then Qn+1=0.
Hence, when J=0 and K=1; Qn+1= 0(Reset)

Case 3: J=1 and K=0

Q=0, Q’=1 : When J=1 ,K=0 and Q=0; S=1 and R=0 then Q n+1=1.
Q=1, Q’=0 : When J=1 ,K=0 and Q=1; S=0 and R=0 then Q n+1=1.
Hence, when J=1 and K=0 ; Qn+1= 1 (Set)
Case 4: J=1 and K=1
Q=0, Q’=1 : When J=1 ,K=1 and Q=0; S=1 and R=0 then Q n+1=1.
Q=1, Q’=0 : When J=1 ,K=1 and Q=1; S=0 and R=1 then Q n+1=0
Hence, when J=1 and K=1 ; Qn+1= Qn’(Toggle)
JK Flipflop working cont…
Characteristic table

Excitation table
Characteristic Equation State diagram

Qn+1 = JQn’ +K’Qn

T Flipflop
• T Flipflop is also known as toggle flipflop. It is a
modification of JK flipflop
• T Flipflop is obtained from a JK flipflop by connecting
both inputs, J and K together

Logic symbol
 T Flipflop working
contd… (i) When T=0, J=K=0 and hence
Logic Diagram Qn+1= Qn (no output change)
(ii)When T=1, J=K=1 and hence Qn+1= Qn’ (toggles)

Characteristic table

Characteristic Equation
State diagram
Excitation table

Qn+1 = TQn’ +T’Qn

Registers

• Registers are groups of flip-flops , where each flip-flop is capable of

storing one bit of information. An n-bit register is a group of n flip-flops.
The basic function of a register is to hold information in a digital system
and make it available to the logic elements for the computing process.

• A register consists of a collection of binary storage cells, each

implemented by a flip-flop. The number of cells determines the length
of the register and, therefore, the length of the binary word stored
within the register.
 Types of Registers in CPU

• Accumulator ( Acc) : This is the most frequently used register used to store
data taken from memory.
• Memory Address Registers (MAR): It holds the address of the location to be
accessed from memory.
• Memory Data Registers (MDR): A register used for holding information (either
program words or data words) that is in the process of being transferred from
the memory to the central processor, or vice versa.
• General Purpose Registers ( GPS) : The general purpose registers are used to
store temporary data in the time of different operations in microprocessor.
• Program Counter (PC): A program counter is a register in a computer
processor that contains the address (location) of the instruction being
executed at the current time.
• Instruction Register (IR): In computing, the instruction register (IR) or
current instruction register (CIR) is the part of a CPU's control unit that holds
the instruction currently being executed or decoded.
Shift Registers
Shift Registers are used for data storage or for the
movement of data and are therefore
commonly used inside calculators or computers to
store data such as two binary numbers before they
are added together, or to convert the data from either
a serial to parallel or parallel to serial format.
Shift Registers Cont..
Shift Registers cont..
Type of Shifting Operation in Shift Registers
Mode of operation in Shift Registers
Types of Shift Registers
Counters
Types of Counters
Comparison Between Asynchronous
and Synchronous Counters
Cont..
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Operatio
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