Impact of Unsustainable Practices

on Environment
Ecological Footprint
 The ecological footprint is one way of measuring sustainability,

which refers to the ability of a population to support itself in the

present without compromising that ability for the future.

 Environmental sustainability occurs when a population can

support a particular lifestyle indefinitely while still meeting the

demands placed on an environment.

Example- Environmental sustainability is producing an amount

of pollution that the environment can handle.
 The units for ecological footprint are global hectares (gha), which measure the

amount of biologically productive land with a productivity equal to the world average.

 An area is considered unsustainable if a land’s ecological footprint is greater than its

bio-capacity (if its demand of nature is greater than its supply).

 Ecological footprints can be counterbalanced by bio-capacity.

 It is a ability of a biologically productive area to continuously generate renewable

resources and clean up its wastes.

 An area is considered unsustainable if a land’s ecological footprint is greater than its

bio-capacity.
 Top 10 Countries with the Highest Ecological
Footprint (units – Global Hectares/gha)
Sr N Country Ecological Sr N Country Ecological
Footprint Footprint
(gha) (gha)

1 Qatar 14.72 6 Canada 8.08

2 Luxembourg 12.79 7 Mogolia 8.05

3 UAE 8.95 8 USA 8.04

4 Bahrain 8.66 9 Kuwait 8.03

5 Trinidad 8.23 10 Bermuda 8.00

Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas
Emissions impact on environment
 Ecological Footprint
Research question
How much of the biological capacity of the
planet is demanded by the residents of a nation
(state, city, etc.) ?
How much is available?
EF accounting tool
To answer this question, the Ecological
Footprint measures the amount of
biologically productive land and water area
a nation uses to produce the resources it
consumes and to absorb the waste it
generates with today’s technology and
resource management practices.
Components of the EF
Land Type Provision/Consumption of…

Cropland Plant-based food and fiber

products

Grazing land Animal-based food and other

animal products

Fishing grounds (marine and Fish-based food products

inland) areas

Forest areas Timber and other forest products

Carbon-uptake land Anthropogenic CO2 emissions

Built-up areas Physical space for shelter and

other infrastructure
Countries’ positions in terms of relative income and domestic food
biocapacity. Countries in the bottom left quadrant generate less per person
income than the world average, and consume more food than its agricultural
biocapacity provides. For example, Nepal only produces 78% of the amount
of food that it consumes. This risk is amplified by the country’s financial
disadvantage: its income per person is merely 9% of the world average.
Countries with low income and lacking in food biocapacity are therefore
China is justexposed
particularly on the edge with
to food a slight food deficit and just below world
insecurity.
average income, while India is on the edge because of low income
 Part II: Methodology

Ecological Footprint accounting tool in combination

with the System of Integrated Environmental and
Economic Accounting: differences, compatibilities,
advantages and disadvantages of the potential merge.
 EFC  EFP  EFI  EFE

Global Biocapacity
(Direct and Indirect Demand)
Exports
Imports

Economic System EF consumption

Waste
Production
(Emissions)
(Harvest)

Domestic Biocapacity Global Biocapacity

(Direct Demand) (Indirect Demand)
 The impact of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions on the
environment is profound and wide-ranging, affecting ecosystems,
biodiversity, natural resources, and human societies in various ways.

Key impacts:

1. Temperature Rise
Climate change is leading to global temperature increases, resulting in
heatwaves, extreme weather events, and shifts in climatic patterns.
Rising temperatures can disrupt ecosystems, alter habitats, and threaten
the survival of species adapted to specific environmental conditions.
2. Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels
Higher temperatures are causing polar ice caps, glaciers, and ice sheets
to melt, contributing to rising sea levels.
Melting ice poses risks to coastal communities, infrastructure, and
ecosystems, increasing the frequency and severity of flooding, erosion,
and storm surges.

3. Ocean Acidification
Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere lead to ocean
acidification as the oceans absorb a significant portion of these emissions.
Acidification can harm marine life, particularly organisms with calcium
carbonate shells or skeletons.
4. Extreme Weather Events

Climate change is linked to an increase in the frequency, intensity, and

duration of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, floods,
wildfires, and heatwaves.
These events can cause widespread damage to infrastructure, agriculture,
and natural habitats, as well as threaten human health, safety, and
livelihoods.

5. Loss of Biodiversity

Climate change poses a significant threat to biodiversity by altering

habitats, disrupting ecosystems, and increasing the risk of species
extinction.
Many species may struggle to adapt or migrate to new habitats as
climate conditions change rapidly.
6. Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security
Changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather
events affect agricultural productivity, crop yields, and food security.
Droughts, floods, heatwaves, and pest outbreaks can reduce crop
yields, disrupt food supply chains, and increase food prices.

7. Water Scarcity and Stress

Climate change exacerbates water scarcity and stress by altering
precipitation patterns, reducing snowpack and glacier meltwater,
and increasing evaporation rates.
Changes in water availability and quality affect ecosystems,
freshwater habitats, agriculture, and human populations.
8. Health Risks
Climate change poses risks to human health through various
pathways, including heat-related illnesses, air pollution,
waterborne diseases, food insecurity, and vector-borne diseases.

 Sustainable Practices to reduce climate changes and green

gas emission:
1. Transition to Renewable Energy
2. Improve Energy Efficiency
3. Promote Sustainable Transportation
4. Enhance Forest Protection and Reforestation
5. Adopt Sustainable Agriculture Practices
6. Reduce Food Waste
7. Promote Circular Economy
8. Support Carbon Pricing and Market Mechanisms
9. Promote Sustainable Consumption and Lifestyles
 Social and Economic
Implications of Unsustainable Practices

Unsustainable practices can have significant social and economic implications,

affecting communities, economies, and societies in various ways which are

following-

1. Health Impacts

Unsustainable practices, such as air and water pollution, exposure to toxic

chemicals, and climate change-related disasters, can have detrimental effects

on human health.

These impacts include respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems,

waterborne illnesses, malnutrition, and mental health issues.

2. Displacement and Migration
Environmental degradation and climate change can lead to
displacement and migration as people are forced to leave their homes
due to natural disasters, loss of livelihoods, land degradation, or water
scarcity.

3. Loss of Livelihoods
Unsustainable practices, such as deforestation, overfishing, land
degradation, and industrial pollution, can disrupt local economies
and traditional livelihoods dependent on natural resources.
This loss of livelihoods can lead to poverty, food insecurity, social
unrest, and migration as communities struggle to adapt to changing
environmental conditions and economic realities.
4. Economic Costs:
Unsustainable practices impose significant economic costs on societies.
• It includes expenses related to environmental cleanup and
restoration, healthcare costs, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem
services, and damage to infrastructure and property from climate-
related disasters.
• These costs can burden governments, businesses, and individuals,
reduce productivity and competitiveness, and hinder economic
development and growth.
5. Social Inequity and Environmental Justice
Unsustainable practices often disproportionately affect marginalized and
vulnerable communities, including low-income populations, indigenous
peoples.

This exacerbates social inequities, reinforces existing inequalities, and

undermines environmental justice and human rights principles.

6. Cultural Loss and Identity

Unsustainable practices can erode cultural traditions, knowledge, and

identities tied to the land, water, and natural resources.

Displacement, loss of biodiversity, and degradation of cultural landscapes

can disrupt intergenerational transmission of cultural heritage and weaken
social cohesion, resilience, and sense of belonging among affected
communities.
Ecology - Ecosystem
• The meaning of the word
ecology was given by German
Biologist Haeckel in 1869.
• The word ecology is derived
from Greek words ‘Oikos’
meaning house, habitat or
place of living and
‘Logos’ meaning to study.

• After that…. Danish botanist,

Eugenius Warming elaborated
the idea of Ecology.
Definition
Ecology is of interactions
the study among
organism or Thegroup
environment. organisms
environment with
consists of both
biotic ofcomponents (living their
organisms) and
abiotic components (non – living organisms).
Ecology is study of interactions
between
Non-living components in the environment…
Light
Wate
r
Wind
Nutrients in
soil Heat
Solar radiation
Atmosphere,
etc.

AND…
 Living
organisms…
Plants
Animal
s
Microo
rganis
ms in
soil,
etc.
 Ecosystem
The term Ecosystem was
first proposed by A.G.
Tansley in 1935.
An ecosystem consists of the
biological community
that occurs in some locale,
and the physical
and chemical factors that
make up its non-living
environment. There are
many examples of
ecosystems - a pond, a
desert, a forest, an
estuary, an ocean.
 Ecosystem is the basic functional unit of Ecology.
Definition
A group of organisms interacting among
themselves and with environment is known as
ecosystem. Thus an ecosystem is a community of
different species interacting with one another and
with their non living environment exchanging
energy and matter.
Ecology is the study of ecosystems.
Example
Animals cannot synthesis their food
directly but depend on the plants either directly
 STRUCTURE OF AN ECOSYSTEM
The term structure refers to the various components of an
ecosystem.
An ecosystem has two major components
• Biotic (living) components
• Abiotic (non living) components aBiotic components

The living living members in

organisms (or) an biotic
ecosystem collectively components (or) biotic
called community.
Ex: Plants, Animals, Microorganisms
 Classification biotic components
The members of biotic components of an
ecosystem are grouped in to three based on how
they get food.
• Producer (Plants)
• Consumer ( Animals)
• Decomposers (Micro-organisms)
1.Producers ( Autotrophs)
Producers synthesise foo
their themselves through d
photosynthesis
Ex: All green plants, trees.
Photosynthesis
The green pigment called chlorophyll,
present in the leaves of plants,
converts CO2 and H2O in the
presence of sunlight into carbohydrates.
6CO2 + 6H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2

This process is called photosynthesis

V.S.Saravana Mani, Head
& AP/ Chemistry,
2. Consumers also called as
Heterotrophs: Classification of
consumers
Consumers are further classified
as
(i) Primary consumers or
Herbivores or Plant eaters:
Primary consumers are also called herbivores,
they directly depend on the plants for their food.
So they are called plant eaters.
Examples : Insects, rat, goat, deer, cow etc.
(ii) Secondary consumers (primary carnivores) (Meat
eaters):
Secondary consumers are primary carnivores,
they
primaryfeedconsumers.
on They directly th
depend on herbivores for their food. e

Ex: Frog, cat, snakes, small birds, etc.,

(iii) Tertiary consumers (Secondary carnivores)

(Meat- eaters)
Tertiary consumers are secondary carnivores,
they feed on secondary consumers. They depend
on the primary carnivores for their food.
Omnivore: Organisms that feed both on plants
and animals. Ex: Human, rat, birds.

Detritivore: They feed on dead organisms, wastes of

living beings and partially decomposed matter. Ex:
Termites, earthworm, ants etc.
3. Decomposers

Decomposers attack the dead bodies of

producers and consumers, and decompose
them into simpler compounds. During the
decomposition inorganic nutrients are released.
The inorganic nutrients together with other
organic substances are then utilised by
the producers for the synthesis of
 Abiotic (non-living) components
The non-living components (physical and
chemical) of ecosystem collectively form a
community called abiotic components (or)
abiotic community.
Ex: Climate, soil, water, air, energy etc.,
1.Physical components: Include the energy, climate,
nutrients and living space that the biological
community needs. They are useful for the growth
and maintenance of its member.
Ex: Air, water, soil, sunlight, etc.,
2.Chemical Components: They are the sources of
essential nutrients.
• Organic substances : Protein, lipids, carbohydrates,
etc.,
 TYPES OF
ECOSYSTEM
Natural ecosystem: These operate themselves under
natural conditions. Based on habitat types, it can be
further classified into three types.
Terrestrial ecosystem: This ecosystem is related to land.
Ex: Grassland ecosystem, forest ecosystem, desert
ecosystem, etc.,
Aquatic ecosystem: This ecosystem is related to water. It
is further sub classified into two types based on
salt content.
• Fresh water ecosystem
(a) Running water ecosystems. Ex: Rivers,
Streams…
(b)Standing water ecosystems Ex: Pond, lake…
• Marine ecosystem Ex: Seas and sea shores…
3. Man – made (or) Artificial ecosystems: Artificial
 FUNCTION OF AN ECOSYSTEM
The function of an ecosystem is to allow flow of

energy and cycling of nutrients.

Functions of an ecosystem are of three types.
• Primary function: The primary function of all
ecosystem is manufacture of starch
(photosynthesis).
• Secondary function: The secondary function of all
ecosystem is distribution energy in the form of
food to all consumers.
• Tertiary Function: All living systems diet at a
particular stage. These dead systems are
decomposed to initiate third function of ecosystems
 The functioning of an ecosystems may be
understood by
studying the following terms.
• Energy and material flow.

• Food chains

• Food webs

• Food pyramids
 ENERGY FLOW IN THE ECOSYSTEMS
• Energy is the most essential requirement for
all living organisms.
• Solar energy is the only source to our planet
earth.
• Solar energy is transformed to chemical
energy in photosynthesis by the plants
(Primary producers).
• Some amount of chemical energy is used
by the plants for their growth
and theremaining is transferred to
consumers by the process of eating.
• Thus the energy enters the ecosystems through
Hea Hea
t t

Hea
t
 The flow of energy in an ecosystem follows the laws of
thermodynamics.
I law of thermodynamics - “Energy neither can be
created nor destroyed, but it can be converted from
one from to other”.
Energy for an ecosystem comes from the sun. It is
absorbed by plants, it is converted into chemical
energy. This chemical energy utilised by consumers
transform into heat.
II law of thermodynamics - “Whenever energy is
transformed, there is a loss of energy through the
release of heat”.
Energy is transferred between tropic levels in the form
of heat as it moves from one tropic level to another
Flow of energy and nutrient cycling from abiotic to biotic and vice
versa.
 FOOD CHAINS
Definition
“There sequence of eating and being eaten in an
ecosystem is known as food chain” (or) “Transfer
of food energy from the plants through a series of
organisms is known as food chain”

• A food chain always starts with plant life and ends

with animal. When the organisms die, they are all
decomposed by microorganism (bacteria and
fungi) into nutrients that can again be used by the
plants.
• At each and every level, nearly 80-90% of the
potential energy gets lost as heat.
Grss Grasshoppe Mous Ow
s r e l
 Tropic Levels (T1,T2, T3, T4, T5) (or) Feeding levels The
various steps through which food energy
passes in an ecosystem is called as tropic levels. The
tropic levels are arranged in the following way,
• The green plants or producers represent first tropic
level T1,
• The herbivores or primary consumers
represent second tropic level T2.
• The carnivores or secondaryconsumers
represent third tropic level T3.
• The tertiary consumers are fourth tropic level T4.
• Finally decomposers represent last tropic level T5.
 F0üD
suN CHAIN
Se‹ond
ay

Grasshopper Snak Eagle

e

WATER
Nubienls
bacteria
'
 Food chains are classified into two main
types Grazing food chain
Detritus food chain

• Grazing food chain: Found in Grassland ecosystems

and pond ecosystems. Grazing food chain
starts with green plants (primary producers) and
goes to decomposer food chain
or detritus food chain through herbivores and
carnivores.

• Detritus food chain: Found in Grassland ecosystems

and forest ecosystems. Detritus food chain starts
with dead organic matter (plants and animals) and
The following diagram shows that grazing food chain
and detritus food chain are interconnected to each
other but are not isolated.
 FOOD WEB
• The interlocking pattern of various food
chains in an ecosystem is known as food web.
• In a food web many food chains are
interconnected, where different types of organisms
are connected at different tropic
levels, so that there are a number of opportunities
of eating and being eaten at each tropic level.
• Grass may be eaten by insects, rats, deer's, etc.,
these may be eaten by carnivores (snake, fox, tiger).
Thus there is a interlocking of various food chains
 Wüd Col

Bobble'

Snot
Podûčer Mous e
e
 Alga
e

Water
went

Tr o p h i c 1 (Produces) ¥ (1° S (2* 4 (3° 6 (4°

Consumers) Consumers) Consumers) Consumers)
Levelj
Difference between food chains and food web:
In a linear food chain if one species gets affected
(or) becomes extinct, then the species in the
subsequent tropic levels are also affected. But, in
a food web, if one species gets affected, it doest
not affect other tropic levels so
seriously. There are number of options available at
each tropic level.
Pond
Foo
d
 Significance of food chains and food webs
• Food chains and food webs play a very important
role in the ecosystem. Energy flow and nutrient
cycling takes place through them.
• They maintain and regulate the population
size of different tropic levels, and thus help
in maintaining ecological balance.
• They have the property of bio-magnification. The
non – biodegradable materials keep on passing
from one tropic level to another. At each
successive tropic level, the concentration
keep on increasing. This process is known as bio-
magnification.
 ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS

• “Graphical representation of structure and

function of tropic levels of an ecosystem,
starting with producers at the bottom and
successive tropic levels forming the apex is
known as an ecological pyramid.”

• In food chain starting from the producers to the

consumers, there is a regular decrease in the
biomass and number of the organisms.
• Since energy is lost as heat in each tropic
levels, it becomes progressively smaller near
the top.
 Types of Ecological pyramids
• Pyramid of numbers.
• Pyramid of energy.
• Pyramid of biomass.
 Pyramid of Numbers
A pyramid of numbers can be used
to show the number of organj
food chain.
umbers
of
organism
s

Large numbers
of
 It represents the number of individual organisms
present in each tropic levels.
Ex: A grassland Ecosystem
• The producers in the grasslands are grasses, which
are in size and large in numbers. So the producers
occupy lower tropic level (1St tropic level).
• The primary consumers (herbivores) are rats, the
2nd tropic level. Since the number of rats are lower
Compared to the grasses, the size is small.
• The secondary consumers (carnivores) are snakes,
which occupy the 3rd tropic level. Since the
number of snakes are lower when compared to the
rats.
• The tertiary consumers (carnivores) are eagles,
which the next tropic level. The number and size of
Upright Pyramid
A pyramid of biomass is a
graphical representation of
biomass present in a unit area
of various trophic levels. It
shows the relationship between
biomass and trophic level
quantifying the biomass available
in each trophic level.
 Pyramid of Biomass
• It represents the total amount of biomass (mass or
weight of biological material or organism) present in
each tropic levels. Ex: A forest ecosystem
• The above figure shows that there is a decrease in the
biomass from the lower tropic level to the higher
tropic level. This because the trees (producers) are
maximum in the forest, which contribute a huge
biomass. The next tropic levels are herbivores (rabbit,
deer) and carnivores (snakes, fox). Top of the tropic level
contains few tertiary consumers (lion, tiger), the
biomass of which is very low.
Pyramid of Energy
• This pyramid indicates not only the amount of
energy flow at each level, but more importantly,
the actual role the various organisms play in the
transfer of energy.
• An energy pyramid illustrates how much energy is
needed as it flows upwards to support the next
trophic level.
• Always there is a huge loss of energy.
 Tro
c
p
Levels

•Notice that only 1O0Źois moved to the next

level. Where does the rest go?
 Su
n

H Tepisry
°°’
Consume
rs

Seconda
ry
Consume
M»aboli
rs
c Primay
Heat
Consum
ers

Producer
s
FOREST ECOSYSTEM

A forest is an area with a high density of trees. A

forest ecosystem is one in which tall trees grow that
support many animals and birds. The forests are found
in undisturbed areas receiving moderate to high
rainfall. The forest occupies nearly 31% of the world’s
land in India it is only 19% of total land area.
Types of forest ecosystem
Based upon the climate conditions, forests are
classified into
• Tropical Rain forests.
• Tropical deciduous forests.
• Tropical scrub forests.
• Temperate rain forests.
• Temperate deciduous forests.
 Characteristics of forest ecosystems
• Forests are characterised by warm temperature
and adequate rainfall, which make the
generation of number of ponds, lakes etc.,
• The forest maintains climate and rainfall.
• The forest support many wild animals and
protect biodiversity.
• The soil is rich in organic matter and nutrients
which support the growth of trees.
• Since penetration of light is so poor, the
conversion of organic matter into nutrients is
very fast.
 'a x
„;g;
q• Temperate Deciduous
Fores† Food Chain

Ter†iory Tertiary
Secondory ConSumer Consumer

ConSum
er

Herbtvore Omnivore Corhivore

Producer

Wa†er

Decomposes
 GLOBAL WARMING

Our Responsibility Toward

Climate Change
 Global Warming
“Not only is it real, it's here, and its effects are
giving rise to a frighteningly new global
phenomenon: the man-made natural disaster.
– Barack Obama
 Global Warming
• Global warming refers to an average increase in
the Earth's temperature
• A warmer Earth may lead to changes in rainfall
patterns, a rise in sea level, and a wide range of
impacts on plants, wildlife, and humans.
• The main cause of global warming is human
activities.
 Introduction
• Climate change is the greatest threat to humanity in the 21 st century (Watts et al
2015).

• Increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere: carbon dioxide,

methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases.
• These gases have the capacity to absorb infrared radiation and re-radiate it
back to earth’s surface.
• Increase in earth surface temperatures–global warming.

157
Increase in earth surface and ocean temperatures

CO2 (ppm) 280 430

data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs/graph_data/ 158
 What are the effects of climate change?

• If the current increase of GHG

emissions continue, temperatures
will rise to 1.5°C above pre-
industrial levels by 2040 and 2°C
by 2100*

• Climate change will impact

regions unevenly but least
advanced countries will be
particularly affected.
https://www.joboneforhumanity.org/global_warming * Masson-Delmotte, et al., 2018 159
 GHG emissions per sector
% global GHG gas emissions per economic
sector
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
on us
e try rt gy gs
cti d us spo n er ld
in
d u an d an e i
ro rl In Tr er Bu
p he th
at ot O
he nd
nd a
itya s try
tri
c re
ec , fo
El re
u ltu
ric
Ag

Livestock account for about 14% of total GHG globally;

in Kenya, about 21%

160
 Global Warming

The earth is getting warmer. The average temperature has

risen about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the last century and the
rate at which the temperature is rising is accelerating.
 The Green House Effect
• Greenhouse gases:
– prevent some heat from
escaping the atmosphere
– allow incoming radiation to pass
through the Earth’s atmosphere.
• This is a natural process
and has kept the Earth's
temperature about 60 F°
warmer than it would
otherwise be.
• Current life on Earth could not
be sustained without the
natural greenhouse effect.
 Lets think about it…
• A green house is used to grow
plants and help in the winter.
• Greenhouses trap heat from
the sun, and the glass panels
keep heat from escaping.
• Thus, the greenhouse can keep
plants warm during the winter.
• Greenhouse gases trapped in
the Earth’s atmosphere have
the same effect.
 Greenhouse Gases

Earth’s greenhouse gases:

• Water vapor (most
abundant)
• Carbon dioxide
• Methane
• Nitrous oxide
• Ozone
• CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) (least abundant)
Diagram representing the green house effect
 Goldilocks Principle
• It is used to state that a planet must neither
be too far away nor too close to the sun to
support life.

Venus is too hot,

Mars is too cold,
but Earth is just right.
Chemical Composition of the Atmospheres
 Climate Change

• Climate change is the

LONG term average of the
weather patterns in a
specific region.

• Climate can either get

warmer or cooler.
 People’s Effect on the Climate
People began altering the climate during the Industrial
Revolution in the late 18th and early 19th century.

Now through population growth, fossil fuel burning, and

deforestation, we are affecting the mixture of gases in
the atmosphere.
 Carbon Dioxide
• Carbon Dioxide is one of the most abundant
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Deforestation in Brazil has earned it a

spot as one of the leading carbon dioxide
emitting countries.
• The main source of CO2 is the burning of fossil fuels
 Methane Gas
Trash in landfills, animals, and deforestation all
produce methane gas.

60% of global methane emissions are related to human-

related activities
 Nitrous Oxide
Sources include:
• Nitric acid in fertilizers
• Animal manure management
• Sewage treatment
• Adipic acid for the production of nylon
 Ozone
Fuel combustion is the main source of Ozone
 CFCs
CFC’s were once widely used
in aerosols and refrigerators

The use of CFC’s as a coolant

has been discontinued, but
the effects of the damage
done will persist for
thousands of years
 Effects of Global Warming

Argentina's Upsala Glacier was once the biggest in South America, but
it is now disappearing at a rate of 200 meters per year.
Effects of Global Warming

The common lawn weed

deadnettle, photographed
at the National
Arboretum, is blooming
an average of 39 days
earlier than in 1970.
Effects of Global Warming
A study showed the egg
laying date of North American
tree swallows advanced by
up to nine days during the
period from 1959 to 1991.

Tree swallows across North

America are breeding earlier,
the most likely cause is a
long term increase in spring
temperature.
 Effects of Global Warming
– Rising sea levels
– An increase in extreme weather
occurrences (hurricanes, tornadoes, flash
floods, tsunamis etc.)
– An increase in the occurrence of fires
– An increase in droughts
– Melting of the polar ice caps
– Greater variation in the fluctuation of
temperature
– The list goes on and on…
 Effects of Global Warming
• Environmental changes can lead to
– Appearance of new diseases
– Old diseases in new places
• Diseases carried by insects (or other vectors) are
especially likely to be affected
– Some affected diseases are:
• Malaria
• Plague
• Dengue
• Flu
 Help Prevent Climate Change
Be energy efficient.
• Use fluorescent light
bulbs.
• Drive less: walk, carpool
• Recycle and buy recycled
products
• Turn off electronic devices
when not in use
• Plant a tree
 International Responsibility
Climate change is a global problem.

• The United Nations is taking an

increasing role in its involvement
in climate change.

• The United Nations Environment

Program provides governments
with tools to promote climate
change awareness.
 National Responsibility
Congress has passed:
• Clean Air Act in 1963
• Air Quality Act in 1967
• Clean Air Act Extension of 1970
• Clean Air Act Amendments in
1977 and 1990.
Numerous state and local
governments have enacted President Bush signs the Clean
similar legislation, either Air Act Amendments - Nov. 15,
1990 (Source: White House,
implementing federal programs photo by Carol T. Powers)
or filling in locally important
gaps in federal programs.
Habitat Destruction
 FACTORS OF CHANGE:
1.Socio-cultural- Social habits, Cultural
differences.
2.Economical- Resources, Capital markets etc
3.Technological- Communication, Innovation.
4.Political Factors- Power , Dominance..
5.Legal- Various laws and legislative acts.
 Social Environment
• Social environment of business means all
factors which affects business socially. Every
business works in a society. So societies’
different factors like family, educational
institutions and religion affects business.
• It includes the culture that the individual was
educated or lives in, and the people with
whom they interact.
 Cultural Environment

• The cultural environment means an environment

which affect the basic values , behaviours and
preferences of the society-all of which have an effect
on consumer marketing decisions.
Socio-cultural Environment
• A set of beliefs, customs, practices and behaviour that
exist within a population.
• International companies often include an examination
of the socio- cultural environment prior to entering
their target markets.
 Economic Environment
• The definition of economic environment is the
environment in which businesses operate that is
dependent on the sum total of economic factors.
• Economic factors include income, employment,
inflation, interest rates, consumer behaviour and
distribution of wealth. All of the economic
factors have effects on the economic
environment, which in turn affects the business
market.
 Economic Environment
• The Economic Environment factors have
immediate and direct impact on the
businessman so businessmen must scan the
economic environment and take timely actions
to deal with these environments.
• Economic environment may put constraints and
may offer opportunities to the businessman.
After the new economic policy of 1991,lot of
opportunities are offered to businessmen.