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Lecture 2.1 Aggregates detail

The document discusses the quality of aggregates used in concrete, emphasizing that igneous rocks and hard limestones are generally the best sources. It also covers the properties of sand, including the differences between natural and manufactured fine aggregates, and the importance of gradation in achieving desired concrete performance. Additionally, it addresses the impact of deleterious materials on aggregate quality and the methods for determining gradation specifications.

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9 views

Lecture 2.1 Aggregates detail

The document discusses the quality of aggregates used in concrete, emphasizing that igneous rocks and hard limestones are generally the best sources. It also covers the properties of sand, including the differences between natural and manufactured fine aggregates, and the importance of gradation in achieving desired concrete performance. Additionally, it addresses the impact of deleterious materials on aggregate quality and the methods for determining gradation specifications.

Uploaded by

assefatekla5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aggregat

es
Introducti
on
Quality of Aggregate by
origin
Rating by Rock
type
 Generally, igneous rocks that are
fine grained, well interlocked, and
contain low percentages of
feldspars have the best concrete
making properties.
 Among the sedimentary rocks,
massive, hard limestones make
usually the best aggregates.
 Deep-seated metamorphism can
also produce excellent aggregate
Rating by Rock
type
 Any single type of rock may be
porous or dense, strong or weak,
hard or soft, decayed or
unaltered, durable or unsound,
fine or coarse grained; i.e., the
type of rock by itself does not
determine whether or not it can
provide an aggregate of adequate
quality.
San
d
 Concrete containing fine sand requires
more
water for the same consistency,
measured as
by the slump
equivalent amount test, sand.
of coarse than an
 Very coarse sand can have an
undesirable effect on finishing
quality. Neither very fine nor very
coarse sand is desirable but both
have been used satisfactorily.
Natural and crushed
manufactured sand
 Rounded river sand gives greater workability
than crushed sand composed of sharply
angular pieces with rough surfaces.
 Angular sand particles have an interlocking
effect and less freedom of movement in the
freshly mixed concrete than smooth
rounded particles.
 Natural sand may give satisfactory results
with a coarser grading than would be
permitted with crushed manufactured sand.
 In addition, concrete must contain 2–3%
more sand by absolute volume of total
aggregate and 6–9 kg more water/m3 when
Manufactured fine aggregate
(MFA)
 MFA processed from crushed stone is
gaining wider use as natural sands
become depleted in some geographic
areas.
 The MFA generally contain a greater
quantity of fines than natural sands and
often mask their good workability with
low slump test results.
 The aggregate particle shape and
subsequent finishability characteristics
are influenced by the type of crusher
Gradati
on
 To Reach Desired Gradation
• Crushing
• Scalping
• Blending
 Reasons for Blending
• Obtain desirable gradation
• Single natural or quarried material not enough
• Economical to combine natural and
processed materials
 Methods of Proportioning
• Graphical Methods
• Analytical Method
• Trail and Error Method
Theoretical
Gradation
 Theoretical gradations generally take the
following
form:
 P = 100 (d/D)x
 Where,
• P = percent passing
• d = size of sieve opening
• D = largest size in gradation
 The basic idea of the theory is that the amount
of material of a given size should be just
sufficient to fill the voids between aggregates
of larger size.
 Fuller suggested a value of 0.5 for x, however, a
value
of 0.45 for x is being used in Superpave
0.45 Power Grading
Chart
Specified
Gradation
 Specified gradations are worked

out starting from the theoretical


gradations.
 Lower and upper limits of gradation
for each sieve size are arrived at
for allowing window of variation
by examining the changes in
density and the resulting stability
in the final mix.
Specified
…
 It is generally considered best

when the gradation line is parallel


to the maximum density line and a
few percentages above or below it.
 The specified gradations are also
related to the thickness of
construction and the nominal size
of aggregate used.
Example
s

Limit curves for continuous gradings of sand and gravel


combinations of D = 30 mm for reinforced concrete (DIN
1045).
ASTM limit curves for the grading of fine concrete
aggregate and that of a coarse aggregate of l-in (25
mm) nominal maximum particle size.
Types of
Gradations
Gradation
Types
 Uniform (Ope graded-
ly n) Few
points
interlock of contact-
(shape High Poor
permeability dependent
)-
graded-
 interlock-Low
Well Good
permeability
(Dense)
 Gap graded-Only limited
sizes-Good interlock-
Moderate permeability
Visual
Appearance

Appearance of the continuous (left), one-


gap (middle) & two-gap (right)
Cleanness and Deleterious
Materials
 Deleterious Substances
• Organic impurities
• Minus 0.075 mm (No. 200)
• Coal, lignite, or other low
density materials
• Clay lumps and friable
particles
• Soft particles
 Sand Equivalency
Test
SE = h /h x 100

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