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PHY106 - Unit 1 Lesson 4

The document covers the basics of motion in one dimension, focusing on concepts such as displacement, distance, velocity, and acceleration. It distinguishes between kinematics and dynamics, and provides examples to illustrate these concepts, including calculations for average velocity and acceleration. Additionally, it discusses rectilinear motion and free-falling bodies, providing formulas and examples for practical understanding.

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lgcacemtech
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5 views

PHY106 - Unit 1 Lesson 4

The document covers the basics of motion in one dimension, focusing on concepts such as displacement, distance, velocity, and acceleration. It distinguishes between kinematics and dynamics, and provides examples to illustrate these concepts, including calculations for average velocity and acceleration. Additionally, it discusses rectilinear motion and free-falling bodies, providing formulas and examples for practical understanding.

Uploaded by

lgcacemtech
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

PHY 106
Motion Along A
Straight Line
Motion in One Dimension
 The study of motion of objects, and the related concepts of force and energy, from the
field called mechanics.
Mechanics is customarily divided into two parts:
1. Kinematics – which is the description of how objects move
2. Dynamics – which deals with force

Position
 In Physics, we can categorized motion into three types
1. Translational
2. Rational
3. Vibrational
Displacement (∆x )
 Displacement is defined as the change in position of the object.
 It is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
 Displacement is a vector magnitude that depends only on the initial and final position
of the body and which is independent of the trajectory.
∆x =

Distance (S)
 Distance is the total amount the objects has moved. This depends on the whole path
traveled, not just the starting and ending points.
 Distance traveled is always non-negative number. A scalar quantity with units of
distance
S=
Example
A car drives three blocks north and four blocks east. Determine the distance travelled and
its displacement.

Before we determine the displacement and distance traveled, we should draw an


illustration first.

Therefore, the distance traveled is


S=
S = 3 blocks + 4 blocks
EXAMPLE
The displacement is the shortest distance from starting point to end point. Based on the
illustration from the last slide, it will be the hypotenuse ( R ). R can be computed using
trigonometry.
R=
R = 5 blocks
Velocity (v)
 Average speed is defined as the total distance traveled along its path divided by the
time it takes to travel this distance.
velocity =

Average Velocity (⊽)


 Average velocity is defined as the displacement divided by the time it takes to travel
Average velocity =
EXAMPLE
1.The position of a runner as a function of time is plotted as moving along the x axis of a
coordinate system. During a 3s time interval, the runner’s position changes from = 50
m to = 30.5 m. What is the runner’s average velocity?

Where: = 50 m
= 30.5 m
=0s
=3s
⊽ = -6.5 m/s
EXAMPLE
2. How far can a cyclist travel in 2.5 h along a straight road if her average velocity is 18
km/h?
⊽=

Where: ⊽ = 18 km/h
= 2.5 h

Therefore, =⊽()
= (18 km/h) (2.5 h)
= 45 km
Acceleration (𝓪)
 Acceleration specifies how rapidly the velocity of an object is changing.
𝓪=

Average Acceleration (ᾱ)


 Average acceleration is defined as the change in velocity divided by the time taken to
make this change.
ᾱ=
Motion Problems
1.Rectilinear Motion – Usually motion is along a straight horizontal path.
A.) If speed is uniform
S = vt
B.) If Speed Varies
>
> 2S
>S=
Where: a – acceleration (a is + if accelerating and a is – if decelerating)
- final velocity
- initial velocity
S – distance traveled
t – time
EXAMPLE
A truck skids to stop 60m after the application of the brakes while traveling at 90 km/hr.
What is the acceleration in m/sec?

Where: S = 60 m
= 90 km/hr x

2S
(60m)
- 5.21
2. Free Falling Body – one of the most common example of uniformly accelerated motion
is that of an oblect allowed to fall freely near the Earth’s surface.
A.) If speed is uniform: (balloon, elevator, sound)
S = vt
B.) If speed varies:
>
> 2gS
>S=
Where: g – acceleration due to gravity (g is + if a body is moving down and a is –
if a body is moving up)
- final velocity
- initial velocity
S – distance traveled
EXAMPLE
Suppose that a phone is dropped from a tower 70 m high. How far the phone have fallen
after a time = 1s, = 2s, and
From the word ‘dropped’ we can assume that the initial velocity of the ball is zero. We
will use the equation:
S=
Where: = 2s
= 0 m/s
= 1s g = 9.81 m/ (+ gravity since downward motion)

At = 1s:
S=
S = (0 m/s)(1 s) +
S = 4.905 m
EXAMPLE
At = 2s:
S=
S = (0 m/s)(2 s) +
S = 19.62 m

At = 3s:
S=
S = (0 m/s)(3 s) +
S = 44.145 m

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