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The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce hormones to regulate various body functions. Key glands include the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes, each releasing specific hormones that affect growth, metabolism, and reproductive processes. Hormones like insulin, estrogen, and testosterone play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis and supporting bodily functions.

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9 views

lecture_4.3_science_sy24-25

The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce hormones to regulate various body functions. Key glands include the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes, each releasing specific hormones that affect growth, metabolism, and reproductive processes. Hormones like insulin, estrogen, and testosterone play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis and supporting bodily functions.

Uploaded by

lotivoelishakiel
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

NDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Endocrine system is a network
of glands that produce and
release chemical substances
which regulate body functions.
−An endocrine gland is a
ductless gland that produces
and releases a chemical
substance directly into the
bloodstream.
−A hormone is a chemical
substance produced and
released by an endocrine
gland. which activates a
specific organ in the human
body.
Pineal Gland

Hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Gland

Parathyroid Gland
ENDOCRINE GLAND
• Pineal Gland
−Location : middle of the brain
−Hormone
 Melatonin : regulates sleep
cycle
• Hypothalamus
−Hypothalamus is the gland that
controls the pituitary gland.
−It stimulates or suppresses
hormone secretions from the
pituitary gland.
−Location : lower central part
of the brain
−Hormone
 Growth-hormone-releasing
hormone (GHRH) :
stimulates the release of
growth hormone (GH) from
the pituitary gland
 Corticotropin-releasing
hormone (CRH) : stimulates
the release of
adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH) from the
pituitary gland
 Thyrotropin-releasing
hormone (TRH) : stimulates
the release of thyroid-
stimulating hormone (TSH)
from the pituitary gland
 Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH) : stimulates
the release of follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH)
and luteinizing hormone (LH)
from the pituitary gland
• Pituitary Gland
−Pituitary gland is known as
the master gland.
−Location : base of the brain,
beneath the hypothalamus
−Hormone
 Growth hormone (GH) :
stimulates the growth of
bones and other body tissues
plays a role in the body’s
handling of nutrients and
minerals
 Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) or corticotropin :
stimulates the adrenal glands
to secrete glucocorticoids
such as cortisol
 Thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH) or thyrotropin :
stimulates the thyroid gland
to secrete thyroxine and
triiodothyronine
 Follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) : stimulates egg
production in females and
sperm production in males
and stimulates estrogen
secretion in females
 Luteinizing hormone (LH) :
initiates ovulation and
stimulates progesterone
secretion in females and
testosterone in males
 Prolactin : stimulates
mammary gland growth and
milk production in females
 Endorphin : acts on the
nervous system
reduces feeling of pain
 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
or vasopressin : controls the
balance of water in the body
promotes reabsorption of
water by the kidneys
 Oxytocin : triggers the
contraction of the uterus in a
woman to induce labor
• Thyroid Gland
−Location : front part of the
lower neck
−Hormone
 Thyroxine and
triiodothyronine : control
the rate at which cells burn
fuels from food to produce
energy (body metabolism)
 Calcitonin: causes storage
of calcium in bones
lowers blood calcium level
• Parathyroid Glands
−Location : attached to the
thyroid gland
−Hormone
 Parathyroid hormone :
regulates the level of
calcium in the blood
raises blood calcium level
• Thymus
−Location : between the lungs
−Hormone
 Thymosin : stimulates the
development of disease-
fighting cells (antibodies)
• Adrenal Glands
−Location : on top of the kidney
−Hormone
 Aldosterone : causes sodium
and water to be retained in the
body and increases the rate at
which potassium is eliminated
 Cortisol : increases the
breakdown and conversion of
carbohydrate, protein and fats
to energy forms that can be
used by the body
reduces inflammatory and
immune responses
 Epinephrine (adrenaline) and
norepinephrine
(noradrenaline) : known as
fight-or-flight hormones that
prepare the body for vigorous
physical activity
• Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
−Location : between the kidneys
−Hormone
 Insulin : lowers blood glucose
level
glucose is converted to
glycogen and stored in the
liver and muscles
 Glucagon : raises blood glucose
level
glycogen is converted to
glucose
• Ovaries
−Location : pelvis
−Hormone
 Estrogen : promotes
development and maintains
female secondary sex
characteristics
stimulates uterine lining
growth
 Progesterone : stimulates
uterine lining growth
• Testes
−Location : scrotum
−Hormone
 Testosterone : supports
sperm formation
promotes development
and maintains male
secondary sex
characteristics

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