Objectives 1

Compare mitosis and meiosis, 2

and their role in the cell
division cycle. (MELC Week 2
S8LT-IVd-16) 3

4
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

1. Gametogenesis is the formation of

________.

A. body cells
B. gonads
C. sex cells
D. somatic cells
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

2. What is the form of reproduction

whose benefit is variability of the
offspring?

A. asexual
B. binary fission
C. mitosis
D. sexual
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

3. The diploid (2N) chromosome

number in an organism is 42. What is
the normal chromosome number of its
sex cells?

A. 21
B. 42
C. 63
D. 84
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

4. These activities of the cell occur in

both mitosis and meiosis EXCEPT:

A. cytokinesis
B. DNA replication
C. karyokinesis
D. synapsis
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

5. Which of the following is NOT a

function of mitosis?

A. growth
B. production of reproductive cells
C. replacement of worn- out tissues
D. wound repair
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

6. What is the correct sequence of

steps in the cell cycle?

A. anaphase, prophase, interphase, metaphase,

telophase
B. interphase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase,
telophase
C. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase
D. prophase, metaphase, interphase, anaphase,
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

7. Which of the following statements about

mitosis is TRUE?
A. Mitosis is the division of the gametes.
B. Mitosis is the reduction of chromosome
numbers.
C. Mitosis is the division of the somatic cells.
D. Mitosis is the division of the egg and sperm
cells.
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

8. What is the importance of mitosis in

humans during cell division?
A. formation of sex cells
B. death of unnecessary cells
C. growth and repair of tissues
D. maintain healthy number of sex cells
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

9. What does mitosis produce during cell

division?
A. chromosome
B. DNA
C. sex cells
D. body cells
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

10. Which of the following is an example

of gametes?
A. platelets
B. skin cells
C. bone cells
D. sperm cells
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

11. What is the function of meiosis?

A. growth
B. wound repair
C. production of reproductive cells
D. replacement of worn- out tissues
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

12. Which of the following makes the

chromatid attached to a spindle fiber?
A. nucleolus
B. centromere
C. centrioles
D. chromosomes
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

13. What stage of mitosis where the

sister chromatids separate from each
other?
A. anaphase
B. metaphase
C. prophase
D. telophase
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

14. Which of the following is NOT a

reason why we need mitosis?
A. growth
B. replacement of dead cells
C. recovering from injuries
D. reproducing
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

15. How many daughter cells are

produced in meiosis?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

16. What will happen if the epiglottis

won't cover the trachea while swallowing
food?
A. Hyperventilating
B. Choking
C. Vomiting
D. Salivating
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

17. Which of the following describes the

process of ingestion?
A. Breaking down of food into smaller
pieces.
B. Getting food into our body.
C. Getting rid of waste products
D. Delivering nutrients into different
organs.
18. Where is the absorption of nutrients
takes place?
A. Mouth
B. Esophagus
C. Small intestine
D. Large intestine
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

19. It is where excess water and

nutrients are absorbed?
A. Mouth
B. Esophagus
C. Small intestine
D. Large intestine
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

20. Which is the correct order of the

process of digestion?
A. mouth>stomach>large intestine>small intestine
B. stomach>small intestine>esophagus>mouth
C. stomach>small intestine>esophagus>mouth
D. mouth>esophagus>stomach>small
intestine>large intestine
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

21. What enzyme is found in saliva that

starts digesting carbohydrates?
A. amylase
B. pepsin
C. bile
D. lipase
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

22. What do you call the rhythmic

wavelike contraction of the esophagus?
A. swallowing
B. biting
C. peristalsis
D. chewing
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

23. The human body needs a constant

supply of protein to survive. The first
organ of the digestive system that
begins digesting protein chemically is
the _____.
A. Mouth
B. Anus
C. Stomach
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

24. A person who has had the gallbladder

removed may be expected to have some
difficulty in ____.
A. Absorbing minerals
B. Swallowing bolus
C. Digesting water
D. Digesting fats
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

25. One of the three basic food types:

needed for building and repair of tissue
in the body. Found in beef, egg whites,
nuts, and pork.
A. Fiber
B. Proteins
C. Vitamins
D. Carbohydrates
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

26. The accessory digestive organs

include all of the following, EXCEPT:
A. Bladder
B. Gallbladder
C. Liver
D. Pancreas
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

27. Why do we eat food?

A. To keep our stomach full.
B. To make waste products.
C. To provide oxygen into the body cells.
D. To get nutrients and energy.
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

28. A substance such as a fat, a protein,

or a carbohydrate that a living thing
needs to survive?
A. saliva
B. nutrients
C. blood
D. enzymes
 Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

29. The process in which digested foods

are distributed into different parts of the
body cells are _______.
A. Ingestion
B. Digestion
C. Absorption
D. Assimilation
30. What is the process of turning food
into smaller molecules with the aid of
enzymes?
A. Respiration
B. Circulation
C. Chemical Digestion
D. Mechanical Digestion
Q4: SUMMATIVE TEST 1

EXCHANGE PAPERS
 Pre-test

16. How many daughter cells are

produced in mitosis?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
 Pre-test

17. The following are examples of

somatic cells, EXCEPT:?
A. neurons
B. egg cells
C. red blood cells
D. white blood cells
 Pre-test

18. The haploid chromosome number of

cell “X” is 13, what is its diploid
chromosome number?
A. 20
B. 23
C. 26
D. 30
 Pre-test

19. The following cells undergoes

mitosis, EXCEPT:?
A. neurons
B. egg cells
C. red blood cells
D. white blood cells
 Pre-test

20. Which of the following cells

undergoes meiosis?
A. neurons
B. egg cells
C. red blood cells
D. white blood cells
EXCHANGE PAPERS
 ANSWERS

1.C 6. C 11. C
16. B
2.D 7. D 12. B
17. B
3.A 8. C 13. A
18. C
4.C 9. D 14. A
 Pre-test

For items 5 -10, answer each statement

using the given choices. Write the letter
only.

A. Meiosis I B. Meiosis II

5. Occurrence of synapsis between tetrads.

 Pre-test

A. Meiosis I B. Meiosis II

6. Separation of homologous chromosomes.

 Pre-test

A. Meiosis I B. Meiosis II

7. Results in four sperm cells in human males.

 Pre-test

A. Meiosis I B. Meiosis II

8. Daughter cells have chromosomes with two

sister chromatids.
 Pre-test

A. Meiosis I B. Meiosis II

9. Daughter nuclei have chromosomes with

single chromatids.
 Pre-test

A. Meiosis I B. Meiosis II

10. Occurrence of crossing-over of homologous

chromosome.
 Pre-test

For items 11-15, match the cell phase to its

description.

A. DNA replication occurs

B.last phase of nuclear division
C. condensed chromosomes become visible
D.chromatids separate at the centromere E.
chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane
 Pre-test

For items 11-15, match the cell phase to its

description.

A. DNA replication occurs

B.last phase of nuclear division
C. condensed chromosomes become visible
D.chromatids separate at the centromere E.
chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane
 Pre-test
11. Metaphase

A. DNA replication occurs

B.last phase of nuclear division
C. condensed chromosomes become visible
D.chromatids separate at the centromere
E. chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane
 Pre-test
12. Telophase

A. DNA replication occurs

B.last phase of nuclear division
C. condensed chromosomes become visible
D.chromatids separate at the centromere
E. chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane
 Pre-test
13. Anaphase

A. DNA replication occurs

B.last phase of nuclear division
C. condensed chromosomes become visible
D.chromatids separate at the centromere
E. chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane
 Pre-test
14. Prophase

A. DNA replication occurs

B.last phase of nuclear division
C. condensed chromosomes become visible
D.chromatids separate at the centromere
E. chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane
 Pre-test
15. Interphase

A. DNA replication occurs

B.last phase of nuclear division
C. condensed chromosomes become visible
D.chromatids separate at the centromere
E. chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane
Cellular Division
Quarter 4 - Module 2

Start
!
egg larva (tadpole)
adult frog
 M
Life Cycle
series of developmental steps that
T
an individual goes through from
birth until the time it reproduces
W

human plan bacteri

t a F
 The Chromosomes 1

chromosome
organization parts number
3

4
 Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
the genetic material
located inside a
chromosome in the
nucleus of the cell
 ● (aka Short arm) upper arms
of the chromosome which is
usually shorter

● the attachment points of the

two chromatids of a
chromosome.

● It is also described as the

constriction point which
divides the chromosome into ● lower arms of the
two sections, or “arms.” chromosome which is usually
longer.

● two identical halves of a

replicated chromosome after the
Synthesis phase or the S phase of
the cell cycle.
Chromosome Number of Selected 1
Organisms

4
Cell Cycle M

F
Cell Cycle M

Gap 1 (G1-Phase)
Cy T
t ok Cell Growth
es in
Tel
oph is
Ana ase
s is
pha
Mito

Metap se W

sion
Divi ll
hase

Ce

DNA Repli

Synthesis
( S - P ha s e
Prophase
is
it os )

cation
M e
or has T

)
f
n P
a t io 2 -
p ar 2 (G
e
Pr Ga p
F
- interval between two
cell divisions

Mitotic Phase

- it obtains nutrients
and metabolizes,
grows, replicates its
DNA in preparation for
mitosis.
 M
The interphase is divided into three sub-stages

First gap period Synthesis stage Second gap

or G1 or S phase w period or G2 W
● cell grows ● DNA are ● cell grows
initially synthesized rapidly cell
● synthesis of thus replicating prepares for
protein and the the actual cell
ribonucleic acid T
chromosomes division
or RNA occurs in preparation
● mitochondria
for the next
increase in
number cell division. F
- occurs every after
interphase

Mitotic Phase

In eukaryotic cells,
these types of cell
division occur: mitosis
and meiosis.
1.
MITOSIS
1.
MITOSIS

● The repeated coiling of

chromosomes occurs resulted to
its thicker and shorter structure.
These are made up of two sister
chromatids that are identical to
each because of the replication of
DNA during the S phase.
● The two chromatids are still
attached at the centromere.
● The nuclear membrane breaks
down.
1.
MITOSIS

● Chromosomes align at the

equatorial plane.

● Each spindle fiber from both

centrosomes connects to
each chromosome through
its kinetochore
1.
MITOSIS

● Spindle fibers begin to

contract and become shorter.
Continued contraction causes
the separation of the
genetically identical sister
chromatids.
● Centromeres divide.
● The single chromatids move
towards the opposite poles.
1.
MITOSIS

● The chromosomes are now at

the opposing poles of the
spindle.
● The microtubules disappear.
● Two sets of chromosomes are
surrounded by new nuclear
membranes, completing the
nuclear division process known
as karyokinesis.
● Cytoplasmic division called
cytokinesis occurs concurrently,
splitting the cell into two.
2. MEIOSIS
SOMATIC / BODY GAMETES / SEX CELLS
CELLS
- majority of the cells - undergo sexual reproduction
are called somatic or
body cells - are haploid cells, union of which result
to creation of a new organism with
- consist of two diploid number of chromosomes in all
complete sets of its somatic or body cells hence, to
chromosomes, create new individuals for the species
making them diploid
in number (2N) - two parents are very necessary to
provide the gametes
How are sex
cells, the
sperms and
eggs,
Why must
meiosis take
place to
produce sperm
each of them contributes only one
half of the total number of
chromosomes (twenty-three
chromosomes) to the new zygote which
is diploid in number of chromosomes
(forty-six chromosomes)
MEIOSIS
I

DNA does not replicate in this

stage

MEIOSIS
II
This
The
Each
The
The ishomologous
characterized
repeated coilingbychromosomes
chromosome
two homologous ofchiasmata
chromosomes
is made terminalization.
up of
chromosomes occurs
start
sisterto After diakinesis,
resulting to its a the
chromatids.
pair off
forming
dividing cell enters
contraction and metaphase.
thickening At thisthe
making stage, bivalents or
homologous homologous
pair of from
These
through
tetrad
pair
are
thelong
begin
chromosomes
process
tothreadlike
repel
distribute
known
one
them
structures
as synapsis.
another
evenly in the
which
andPairs
nucleus.
result
move
The
ofnuclear
chromosomes to be very close to each other. At this stage, the
the
chromosomes
apart.replication
membrane that
of
Theycrossing
breaks
process called DNA
are held
down are during
similar
overonly
and the the
in size
Synthesis
by Here,
nucleolus
happens. and
the chiasma.
disappears. shape
or
Chiasma
the exchange ofS are
moves
phase the
called
towards
segments homologous
ofbetween
the
end, cell
which cycle.
the ischromosomes
called chromatids
sister or
terminalization. tetrads.
Chromatids
of the homologous remain
attached only at the terminal chiasmata and enter the metaphase
chromosomes occurs. The exchanging process form a cross-
stage.
linkage called a chiasma.
 Spindle fibers from the
centrosomes of each
pole connect to bivalents
or tetrads through the
kinetochores.
Homologous
chromosomes line up at
the equatorial plane.
There is double
● Spindle fibers begin to
contract and separate
the bivalent or tetrads.

● Homologous
chromosomes
separate and migrate
to each pole of the
cell.
● Chromosomes
decondense.

● Nuclear membranes
reform.

● Cytokinesis or the
cytoplasmic division
occurs and two haploid
(N) daughter cells with
chromosomes with two
● Chromosomes
decondense.

● Nuclear membranes
reform.

● Cytokinesis or the
cytoplasmic division
occurs and two haploid
(N) daughter cells with
chromosomes with two
Prophase II Stage
● Chromosomes (chromatids) condense to form
metaphase chromosomes.
● Nuclear membrane dissolves and nucleolus
disappears.
● Centrosomes move towards each pole of the cell.
Metaphase II Stage
● Spindle fibers attach to chromatids at the
kinetochores.
● Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane. (Single
alignment of chromosomes).
Anaphase II Stage
● Spindle fibers shortened and separated the sister
chromatids.
● Chromatids that are now called chromosomes move
towards each pole of the cell.

Telophase II Stage
● Single-stranded chromosomes decondense.
● Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms.
● Cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis).
● Four haploid (n) daughter cells are formed.