SUBJECT: SCIENCE(PHYSICS)

UNIT: GRAVITATION
SUB UNIT: ARCHIMEDE
PRINCIPLES

CLASS : 9TH B
PRESENTED BY:

CHETHANA MALVE MB
Teaching point 1:
Why some objects float and some sink in water?

Object with density less than the fluid floats on the fluid whereas objects whose density is
more than the fluid will sink.

Teaching point 2:
Archimedes principle:

When a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward force that is
equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
INTRODUCTION
In our previous class we have learnt about the meaning of thrust and pressure

 What is thrust?

 The force acting on an object perpendicular to the surface is called thrust.

 What is pressure?

 Thrust on unit area is called pressure.

A solid exerts pressure on a surface due to its weight.

Similarly, fluids have weight and exerts pressure.

 What happens when an empty plastic bottle is dropped in a bucket full of water?

 It floats

 What happens when it is pushed downwards and released?

 It comes back to surface and floats.

 What causes the empty bottle to float in water?

 Upthrust or buoyant force.

 What is upthrust or buoyant force? No response

In today's class let us learn meaning of buoyancy and the Archimedes principle.
Teaching point 1:

Why objects float or sink in water?

All the objects when immersed in a fluid experience force of buoyancy by the fluid and it
always acts upwards.

An object in the fluid floats or sinks because of the difference in density between the object
and the fluid it is immersed in.

 What is density of a substance?

Density of a substance is defined as the mass per unit volume.

 When does an object float?

When density of the object is less than the density of the fluid, the object floats.

This is because the upthrust of the fluid is greater than the weight of the object.

 When does an object sink?

When density of the object is more than the density of the fluid, the object sinks.

This is because the upthrust of the fluid is less than the weight of the object.

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 Evaluation
Questions:

1. When does an object float in a fluid?

2. When does an object sink in a fluid?

Teaching point 2: Archimedes principle
What is Archimedes principle?

Archimedes Principle is a fundamental concept in fluid mechanics, credited to the ancient Greek mathematician
and physicist Archimedes.

According to Archimedes' Principle:

When a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward force that is equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced by it.
Archimedes' Principle Definition;

“Any object, totally or partially immersed in a fluid or liquid, is buoyed

up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.“

– Archimedes

It means that when a body is partially or completely submerged in a liquid, it experiences an apparent loss in
weight because of a force acting in upward direction (Buoyancy), which is equal to the weight of liquid displaced
by the submerged part of the body.

This force acting in upward direction was later named as Upthrust or force acting vertically upwards.

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This principle explains why objects appear to weigh less when placed in a
fluid and why some objects float while others sink.

The buoyant force is directly proportional to the volume of the fluid displaced
by the submerged object, and it counteracts the object's weight. As a result, if
the weight of the fluid displaced is greater than or equal to the weight of the
object, it will float, while if the weight of the fluid displaced is less, the object
will sink.

It was in the year 246 BC that Archimedes had an idea about the weight
displacement by liquids. After a lot of tests about the density and volume
of different things, he stated the "Archimedes' Principle.
Archimedes was a Greek mathematician, physicist, and engineer who made important contributions to mathematics, physics,
and engineering. His achievements include:

In the 3rd Century BC, Archimedes:

• invented the sciences of mechanics and hydrostatics.

• discovered the laws of levers and pulleys, which allow us to move heavy objects using small forces.
• calculated pi to the most precise value known. His upper limit for pi was the fraction 22⁄7. This value was still in use in the late
20th century, until electronic calculators finally laid it to rest.
• discovered and mathematically proved the formulas for the volume and surface area of a sphere.
• showed how exponents could be used to write bigger numbers than had ever been thought of before.
• proved that to multiply numbers written as exponents, the exponents should be added together.
• directly inspired Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton to investigate the mathematics of motion. Archimedes’ surviving works
(tragically, many have been lost) finally made it into print in 1544. Leonardo da Vinci was lucky enough to see some of the
hand-copied works of Archimedes before they were eventually printed.
• was one of the world’s first mathematical physicists, applying his advanced mathematics to the physical world.
• was the first person to apply lessons from physics – such as the law of the lever – to solve problems in pure mathematics.
• invented war machines such as a highly accurate catapult that stopped the Romans conquering Syracuse for years. He may
have done this by understanding the mathematics of projectile trajectory.
Applications of Archimedes' Principle
Archimedes' principle is crucial in designing ships, submarines, and other watercraft. By
understanding how the buoyant force works, engineers can design vessels that can float and
maintain stability. This principle is also used to calculate the maximum cargo capacity of ships
and to ensure they don't exceed their weight limits.

Let's see some of the applications of Archimedes Principle;

Submarines : Submarines use Archimedes' principle to control their depth. By adjusting their
ballast tanks to change the amount of water they displace, submarines can either rise to the
surface or dive to greater depths.

Hot Air Balloons : The principle is applied in hot air balloons, where the heated air inside the
balloon is less dense than the surrounding air, creating a buoyant force that allows the balloon
to rise.
Density Measurement : Archimedes' principle is used to determine the density of irregularly
shaped objects. By measuring the weight of an object in air and then in a fluid (usually water),
the volume of the object can be calculated, which, in turn, allows for the determination of its
density.

Hydrometers : A hydrometer is an instrument that measures the density of a liquid, typically

used in applications like determining the sugar content in a liquid (e.g., in winemaking or
brewing).

Oil Extraction : In the oil industry, Archimedes' principle is employed to separate oil from
water by using large tanks. The less dense oil rises to the surface, making it easier to collect.

Life Jackets and Buoyancy Aids : Life jackets and buoyancy aids are designed to help people
float in water. They work by increasing the buoyant force acting on the person, thus preventing
them from sinking.

Bing Videos
 Evaluation
Questions:

1. State Archimedes principle

Recapitulation

 List the applications of Archimedes principle in real world.

 Home assignment
Answers the following questions:
1. Why does bodies with density less than density of the fluids float in that
fluid?

2. Why does a a bar of iron or steel sink in water but a ship made of iron and
steel float on water?

Activity:
Gather more information on how Archimedes principle is used in sub-marines.
 Thank
you