Op-Amp Circuits:

Part 3

M. B. Patil
m bpati [email protected]
www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel

Department of Electrical
Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Bombay
M. B. Patil, IIT
Introduction to
filters
Consider v ( t ) = v 1 (t) + v 2 (t) = Vm1 sin c 1 t + Vm2
sin c 2 t .
1
v1
v
v2
0

−
1
0 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
t 0 t
(msec) (msec)
Introduction to
filters
Consider v ( t ) = v 1 (t) + v 2 (t) = Vm1 sin c 1 t + Vm2
sin c 2 t .
1
v1
v
v2 v LPF vo = v1

−
1
0 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
t 0 t
(msec) (msec)

A low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency c1 < cc < c2 will pass the low-frequency
component v 1 (t) and remove the high-frequency component v2(t).
Introduction to
filters
Consider v ( t ) = v 1 (t) + v 2 (t) = Vm1 sin c 1 t + Vm2
sin c 2 t .
1
v1
v
v2 v LPF vo = v1

v HPF vo = v2

−
1
0 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
t 0 t
(msec) (msec)

A low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency c1 < cc < c2 will pass the low-frequency
component v 1 (t) and remove the high-frequency component v2(t).
A high-pass filter with a cut-off frequency c1 < cc < c2 will pass the high-frequency
component v 2 (t) and remove the low-frequency component v1(t).

M. B. Patil, IIT
Introduction to
filters
Consider v ( t ) = v 1 (t) + v 2 (t) = Vm1 sin c 1 t + Vm2
sin c 2 t .
1
v1
v
v2 v LPF vo = v1

v HPF vo = v2

−
1
0 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
t 0 t
(msec) (msec)

A low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency c1 < cc < c2 will pass the low-frequency
component v 1 (t) and remove the high-frequency component v2(t).
A high-pass filter with a cut-off frequency c1 < cc < c2 will pass the high-frequency
component v 2 (t) and remove the low-frequency component v1(t).
There are some other types of filters, as we will see.

M. B. Patil, IIT
Ideal low-pass
filter

H(jω)
vi(t) H(jω) vo(t)

0 ω
0
ωc

Vo ( j c ) = H ( j c ) Vi
(jc) .
 Ideal low-pass
filter

H(jω)
vi(t) H(jω) vo(t)

0 ω
0
ωc

Vo(jω)
Vi(jω)

LPF

ω ω
0 0
ωc ωc

Vo ( j c ) = H ( j c ) Vi
(jc) .

M. B. Patil, IIT
 Ideal low-pass filter

H(jω)
vi(t) H(jω) vo(t)

0 ω
0
ωc

Vo(jω)
Vi(jω)

LPF

ω ω
0 0
ωc
ωc

Vo ( j c ) = H ( j c ) Vi ( j c ) .

All components with c < cc appear at the output without attenuation.

All components with c > cc get eliminated.

(Note that the ideal low-pass filter has ∠H(jc) = 1, i.e., M. B. Patil, IIT
Ideal
filters

Low−pas
s

H(jω
)
0 ω
0
ωc
Ideal
filters

Low−pas High−pas
s s
1 1

H(jω

H(jω
)

)
0 ω 0 ω
0 0
ωc ωc
Ideal
filters

Low−pas High−pas
s s
1 1

H(jω

H(jω
)

)
0 ω 0 ω
0 0
ωc ωc

Band−pas
s

1
H(jω
)

0 ω
0
ωL ωH
Ideal
filters

Low−pas High−pas
s s
1 1

H(jω

H(jω
)

)
0 ω 0 ω
0 0
ωc ωc

Band−pas Band−reje
s ct
1 1
H(jω

H(jω
)

)
0 ω 0 ω
0 0
ωL ωH ωL ωH

M. B. Patil, IIT
 Ideal low-pass filter: example

1
v1

v2
Filter transfer Filter
0 function output
1

v3 1

H(jω)
−
0
1
1.5

0 −
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.51 5 10 15 20
f 0 t
(kHz) (msec)

−1.
5 0 5 10 15 20
t
(msec)

M. B. Patil, IIT
 Ideal high-pass filter: example

1
v1

v2
Filter transfer Filter
0 function output
1

v3 1

H(jω)
−
0
1
1.5

0 −
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.51 5 10 15 20
f 0 t
(kHz) (msec)

−1.
5 0 5 10 15 20
t
(msec)

M. B. Patil, IIT
 Ideal band-pass filter: example

1
v1

v2
Filter transfer Filter
0 function output
1

v3 1
H(jω)

−
0
1
1.5

0 −
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.51 5 10 15 20
f 0 t
(kHz) (msec)

−1.
5 0 5 10 15 20
t
(msec)

M. B. Patil, IIT
 Ideal band-reject filter:
example

1
v1

v2
Filter transfer Filter
0 function output
1.5

v3 1

− H(jω
) 0
1
1.5

0 −1.
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 5 10 15 20
5
f 0 t
(kHz) (msec)

−1.
5 0 5 10 15 20
t
(msec)

M. B. Patil, IIT
Practical filter
circuits

* In practical filter circuits, the ideal filter response is approximated with a

suitable H(jc) that can be obtained with circuit elements. For example,
1
H(s) 5 + a s4 + a 3s + a s + a s
= a5s 4 3 2 1
2
+0 a
represents a 5th-order low-pass
filter.

M. B. Patil, IIT
Practical filter
circuits

* In practical filter circuits, the ideal filter response is approximated with a

suitable H(jc) that can be obtained with circuit elements. For example,
1
H(s) 5 + a s4 + a 3s + a s + a s
= a5s 4 3 2 1
2
+0 a
represents a 5th-order low-pass filter.
* Some commonly used approximations (polynomials) are the Butterworth,
Chebyshev, Bessel, and elliptic functions.

M. B. Patil, IIT
Practical filter
circuits

* In practical filter circuits, the ideal filter response is approximated with a

suitable H(jc) that can be obtained with circuit elements. For example,
1
H(s) 5 + a s4 + a 3s + a s + a s
= a5s 4 3 2 1
2
+0 a
represents a 5th-order low-pass filter.
* Some commonly used approximations (polynomials) are the Butterworth,
Chebyshev, Bessel, and elliptic functions.
* Coefficients for these filters are listed in filter handbooks. Also, programs for
filter design are available on the internet.

M. B. Patil, IIT
 Practical
filters

| Low−pas | | High−pas |
H| s H| Amax H| s H| Amax

1 Idea Practical 1 Idea

l l

Amin Amin

Practica
l
0 0 0 0
0 ω 0 ω 0 ω 0 ω
ωc ωc ωs ωc ωs ωc

M. B. Patil, IIT
 Practical
filters

| Low−pas | | High−pas |
H| s H| Amax H| s H| Amax

1 Idea Practical 1 Idea

l l

Amin Amin

Practica
l
0 0 0 0
0 ω 0 ω 0 ω 0 ω
ωc ωc ωs ωc ωs ωc

* A practical filter may exhibit a ripple. Amax is called the maximum passband ripple, e.g., Amax = 1 dB.

M. B. Patil, IIT
 Practical
filters

| Low−pas | | High−pas |
H| s H| Amax H| s H| Amax

1 Idea Practical 1 Idea

l l

Amin Amin

Practica
l
0 0 0 0
0 ω 0 ω 0 ω 0 ω
ωc ωc ωs ωc ωs ωc

* A practical filter may exhibit a ripple. Amax is called the maximum passband ripple, e.g., Amax = 1 dB.
* Amin is the minimum attenuation to be provided by the filter, e.g., Amin = 60 dB.

M. B. Patil, IIT
 Practical
filters

| Low−pas | | High−pas |
H| s H| Amax H| s H| Amax

1 Idea Practical 1 Idea

l l

Amin Amin

Practica
l
0 0 0 0
0 ω 0 ω 0 ω 0 ω
ωc ωc ωs ωc ωs ωc

* A practical filter may exhibit a ripple. Amax is called the maximum passband ripple, e.g., Amax = 1 dB.
* Amin is the minimum attenuation to be provided by the filter, e.g., Amin = 60 dB.

* cs : edge of the stop band.

M. B. Patil, IIT
 Practical
filters

| Low−pas | | High−pas |
H| s H| Amax H| s H| Amax

1 Idea Practical 1 Idea

l l

Amin Amin

Practica
l
0 0 0 0
0 ω 0 ω 0 ω 0 ω
ωc ωc ωs ωc ωs ωc

*
A practical filter may exhibit a ripple. Amax is called the maximum passband ripple, e.g., Amax = 1
* Amin is the minimum attenuation to be provided by the filter, e.g., Amin
= dB.
60 dB.
*
cs : edge of the stop band.
*
cs / c c (for a low-pass filter): selectivity factor, a measure of the sharpness of the filter.

M. B. Patil, IIT
 Practical
filters

| Low−pas | | High−pas |
H| s H| Amax H| s H| Amax

1 Idea Practical 1 Idea

l l

Amin Amin

Practica
l
0 0 0 0
0 ω 0 ω 0 ω 0 ω
ωc ωc ωs ωc ωs ωc

* A practical filter may exhibit a ripple. Amax is called the maximum passband ripple, e.g., Amax = 1 dB.
* Amin is the minimum attenuation to be provided by the filter, e.g., Amin = 60 dB.

* cs : edge of the stop band.

* cs / c c (for a low-pass filter): selectivity factor, a measure of the sharpness of the filter.

* cc < c < cs : transition band. M. B. Patil, IIT

Practical
filters
1
For a low-pass filter, .
Σn
H(s) = a (s/c ) i
i c
i =0
Coefficients (ai ) for various types of filters are tabulated in handbooks. We now look at |
H(jc)| for two commonly used filters.

M. B. Patil, IIT
Practical
filters
1
For a low-pass filter, .
Σn
H(s) = a (s/c ) i
i c
i =0
Coefficients (ai ) for various types of filters are tabulated in handbooks. We now look at |
H(jc)| for two commonly used filters.

Butterworth filters:
1
|H(jc)| = √ .
1+ є 2 2n
c
(c/c )

M. B. Patil, IIT
Practical
filters
1
For a low-pass filter, .
Σn
H(s) = a (s/c ) i
i c
i =0
Coefficients (ai ) for various types of filters are tabulated in handbooks. We now look at |
H(jc)| for two commonly used filters.

Butterworth filters:
1
|H(jc)| = √ .
1+ є 2 2n
c
(c/c )
Chebyshev
filters: 1
|H(jc)| = √ wher
1 + 2є C e
2 n c
(c/c )
Cn (x ) = cos n cos−1(x ) for x ≤ 1,

Cn (x ) = cosh n cosh−1(x ) for x ≥

1,

M. B. Patil, IIT
Practical
filters
1
For a low-pass filter, .
Σn
H(s) = a (s/c ) i
i c
i =0
Coefficients (ai ) for various types of filters are tabulated in handbooks. We now look at |
H(jc)| for two commonly used filters.

Butterworth filters:
1
|H(jc)| = √ .
1+ є 2 2n
c
(c/c )
Chebyshev
filters: 1
|H(jc)| = √ wher
1 + 2є C e
2 n c
(c/c )
Cn (x ) = cos n cos−1(x ) for x ≤ 1,

Cn (x ) = cosh n cosh−1(x ) for x ≥ 1,

H(s) for a high-pass filter can be obtained from H(s) of the corresponding low-pass filter by (s/cc ) → ( c c /s) .

M. B. Patil, IIT
Practical filters (low-
pass)
Butterworth
filters: 1 ǫ= 0
0.5 n=
1

n= 2
1

|H|

(dB)
|H|
2 3
3
4 5 4
−10
5 0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
ω/ωc ω/ωc

Chebyshev
filters: 1 ǫ= 0
0.5 n=
1
n=
2
1
|H|

(dB)
|H|
2
3

3 4
4 −10
0 5
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
ω/ωc ω/ωc M. B. Patil, IIT
Practical filters (high-pass)

Butterworth
filters: 1 0
n=
1
n=
1 2

|H|

(dB)
2

|H|
3
3
4
4 5
5 ǫ= −10
0.5 0
0
0 1 2 3 4 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
ω/ωc ω/ωc

Chebyshev
filters: 1 0
n=
1
n=
1 2
|H|

(dB)
3
2

|H|
4
5
3
4 ǫ= −10
5 0.5 0
0
0 1 2 3 4 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
ω/ωc ω/ωc M. B. Patil, IIT
Passive filter example
R
Vs Vo
100 Ω
C
5
µF
Passive filter example
R
Vs Vo (1/sC)
100 H(s) = ,
Ω R1 + (1/sC) 1+
=
C (s/ω0)
5 with ω0 = 1/RC → f0 = ω0/2π = 318
µF Hz
(Low−pass filter)
Passive filter example
R
Vs Vo (1/sC)
100 Ω H(s) = ,
R1 + (1/sC) 1+
=
C (s/ω0)
5 with ω0 = 1/RC → f0 = ω0/2π = 318
µF Hz
(Low−pass filter)
20

−2
(dB)
|H|

−4
0
−6
0
101 102 103 105
104
(SEQUEL file: ee101 r c ac 2.sqproj)
f (Hz)
M. B. Patil, IIT
Passive filter example
R
Vs Vo
100
Ω
L C
0.1 4
mF µF
Passive filter example
R
Vs Vo (sL) (1/sC) s(L/R)
100 H(s) =
= R + (sL) (1/sC) 1 + s(L/R) +
Ω s2LC
L C √
0.1 4 with ω0 = 1 / LC → f0 = ω0/2π = 7.96
mF µF kHz
(Band−pass filter)
Passive filter example
R
Vs Vo (sL) (1/sC) s(L/R)
100 H(s) =
= R + (sL) (1/sC) 1 + s(L/R) +
Ω s2LC
L C √
0.1 4 with ω0 = 1 / LC → f0 = ω0/2π = 7.96
mF µF kHz
(Band−pass filter)
0

−2
0
(dB)

−4
|H|

−6
0
102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
−8
0 (SEQUEL file: ee101 r l c
3.sqproj)
M. B. Patil, IIT
Op-amp filters (“Active”
filters)

* Op-amp filters can be designed without using inductors. This is a significant advantage since
inductors are bulky and expensive. Inductors also exhibit nonlinear behaviour (arising from
the core properties) which is undesirable in a filter circuit.

M. B. Patil, IIT
Op-amp filters (“Active”
filters)

* Op-amp filters can be designed without using inductors. This is a significant advantage since
inductors are bulky and expensive. Inductors also exhibit nonlinear behaviour (arising
from the core properties) which is undesirable in a filter circuit.
* With op-amps, a filter circuit can be designed with a pass-band gain.

M. B. Patil, IIT
Op-amp filters (“Active”
filters)

* Op-amp filters can be designed without using inductors. This is a significant advantage since
inductors are bulky and expensive. Inductors also exhibit nonlinear behaviour (arising
from the core properties) which is undesirable in a filter circuit.
* With op-amps, a filter circuit can be designed with a pass-band gain.
* Op-amp filters can be easily incorporated in an integrated circuit.

M. B. Patil, IIT
Op-amp filters (“Active”
filters)

* Op-amp filters can be designed without using inductors. This is a significant advantage since
inductors are bulky and expensive. Inductors also exhibit nonlinear behaviour (arising
from the core properties) which is undesirable in a filter circuit.
* With op-amps, a filter circuit can be designed with a pass-band gain.
* Op-amp filters can be easily incorporated in an integrated circuit.
* However, there are situations in which passive filters are
still used.
- high frequencies at which op-amps do not have sufficient
gain
- high power which op-amps cannot handle

M. B. Patil, IIT
Op-amp filters:
example
R2

10 k
C
R1 10
Vs nF
1k
Vo

RL
Op-amp filters: example
R2

10 k
C
R1 10
Vs nF
1k
Vo

RL

Op-amp filters are designed for op-amp operation in the

linear region
→ Our analysis of the inverting amplifier applies, and we get,
R2 (1/sC )
Vo = − R1 Vs (Vs and Vo are phasors)
R2
1
H(s) = −
R1 1 +
sR2C
Op-amp filters: example
R2

10 k
C
R1 10
Vs nF
1k
Vo

RL

Op-amp filters are designed for op-amp operation in the

linear region
→ Our analysis of the inverting amplifier applies, and we get,
R2 (1/sC )
Vo = − R1 Vs (Vs and Vo are phasors)
R2 1
H(s) = −
R1 1 + sR2C
This is a low-pass filter, with c0 = 1/R2C (i.e., f0 = c0/2π =
1.59 kHz).
Op-amp filters: example
R2
20
10 k
C
R1 10
Vs nF
1k

(dB)
Vo 0

|H|
RL

−20
101 103 104 105
102 f (Hz)
Op-amp filters are designed for op-amp operation in the
linear region
→ Our analysis of the inverting amplifier applies, and we get,
R2 (1/sC )
Vo = − R1 Vs (Vs and Vo are phasors)
R2 1
H(s) = −
R1 1 + sR2C
This is a low-pass filter, with c0 = 1/R2C (i.e., f0 = c0/2π =
1.59 kHz).
Op-amp filters: example
R2
20
10 k
C
R1 10
Vs nF
1k

(dB)
Vo 0

|H|
RL

−20
101 103 104 105
102 f (Hz)
Op-amp filters are designed for op-amp operation in the
linear region
→ Our analysis of the inverting amplifier applies, and we get,
R2 (1/sC )
Vo = − R1 Vs (Vs and Vo are phasors)
R2
R1 1 +
1
H(s) = −sR2C
This is a low-pass filter, with c0 = 1/R2C (i.e., f0 = c0/2π =
1.59 kHz). (SEQUEL file: ee101 op fi l t e r 1.sqproj)
M. B. Patil, IIT
Op-amp filters:
example

R2

C 10
R1
k
Vs
1 100 Vo
k nF
RL
Op-amp filters:
example

R2

C 10
R1
k
Vs
1 100 Vo
k nF
RL

R2
sR2C
H(s) = − = −
.
R1 + (1/sC )
1 + sR1C
Op-amp filters: example

R2

C 10
R1
k
Vs
1 100 Vo
k nF
RL

R2 sR2C
H(s) = − = − .
R1 + (1/sC ) 1 + sR1C
This is a high-pass filter, with c0 = 1/R1C (i.e., f0 = c0/2π =
1.59 kHz).
Op-amp filters: example

20
R2

C 10
R1
k 0
Vs
1 100 Vo

(dB)
k nF

|H|
RL −2
0

−40
101 103 104 105
102 f (Hz)
R2 sR2C
H(s) = − = − .
R1 + (1/sC ) 1 + sR1C
This is a high-pass filter, with c0 = 1/R1C (i.e., f0 = c0/2π =
1.59 kHz).
Op-amp filters: example

20
R2

C 10
R1
k 0
Vs
1 100 Vo

(dB)
k nF

|H|
RL −2
0

−40
101 103 104 105
102 f (Hz)
R2 sR2C
H(s) = − = − .
R1 + (1/sC ) 1 + sR1C
This is a high-pass filter, with c0 = 1/R1C (i.e., f0 = c0/2π =
1.59 kHz).

(SEQUEL file: ee101 op fi l t e r 2.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT
Op-amp filters:
example

R2

100 k
C2

R1 C1 80
Vs pF
10 0.8 Vo
k µF
RL
Op-amp filters: example

R2

100 k
C2

R1 C1 80
Vs pF
10 0.8 Vo
k µF
RL

R2 (1/sC2) R2 sR1C1
H(s) = − = − .
R1 + (1/sC1) R1 (1 + sR1C1)(1 + sR2C2)
Op-amp filters:
example

R2

100 k
C2

R1 C1 80
Vs pF
10 0.8 Vo
k µF
RL

R2 R2 sR1C1
(1/sC2) = − .
H(s) = −R1 + (1/sC1) R1 (1 + sR1C1)(1 +
sR2C2)
This is a band-pass filter, with c L = 1/R1C1 and c H =
1/R2C2 .
→ fL = 20 Hz, fH = 20 kHz.
Op-amp filters:
example

R2
20
100 k
C2

R1 C1 80
Vs pF

(dB)
|H|
10 0.8 Vo
k µF
RL

0
100 102 104 106
f
(Hz)
R2 R2 sR1C1
(1/sC2) = − .
H(s) = −R1 + (1/sC1) R1 (1 + sR1C1)(1 +
sR2C2)
This is a band-pass filter, with c L = 1/R1C1 and c H =
1/R2C2 .
→ fL = 20 Hz, fH = 20 kHz.
Op-amp filters: example

R2
20
100 k
C2

R1 C1 80
Vs pF

(dB)
|H|
10 0.8 Vo
k µF
RL

0
100 102 104 106
f (Hz)

R2 (1/sC2) R2 sR1C1
H(s) = − = − .
R1 + (1/sC1) R1 (1 + sR1C1)(1 + sR2C2)

This is a band-pass filter, with c L = 1/R1C1 and

c H = 1/R2C2 .
→ fL = 20 Hz, fH = 20 kHz.

(SEQUEL file: ee101 op fi l t e r 3.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT
Graphic equalizer

C1

20
a
1−a
R1A R2
Vs 0.7 a=0.
R1B C2 9
0.5
R3A R3B 0

(dB)
|H|
R1A = R1B = 470 0.3

Ω R3A = R3B = Vo 0.1

100 kΩ R2 = 10 kΩ
C1 = 100 RL
nF C2 = −2
10 nF 0 101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog
ICs")

M. B. Patil, IIT
Graphic equalizer

C1

20
a 1−a

R1A R2
Vs 0.7 a=0.
R1B C2 9
0.5
R3A R3B 0

(dB)
|H|
R1A = R1B = 470 0.3

Ω R3A = R3B = Vo 0.1

100 kΩ R2 = 10 kΩ
C1 = 100 RL
nF C2 = −2
10 nF 0 101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs")

* Equalizers are implemented as arrays of narrow-band filters, each with an adjustable gain
(attenuation) around a centre frequency.

M. B. Patil, IIT
Graphic equalizer

C1

20
a 1−a

R1A R2
Vs 0.7 a=0.
R1B C2 9
0.5
R3A R3B 0

(dB)
|H|
R1A = R1B = 470 0.3

Ω R3A = R3B = Vo 0.1

100 kΩ R2 = 10 kΩ
C1 = 100 RL
nF C2 = −2
10 nF 0 101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs")

* Equalizers are implemented as arrays of narrow-band filters, each with an adjustable gain
(attenuation) around a centre frequency.
* The circuit shown above represents one of the equalizer
sections. (SEQUEL file: ee101 op fi l t e r 4.sqproj)
M. B. Patil, IIT
M. B. Patil, IIT
Sallen-Key filter example (2nd order, low-pass)
40

C1
20
R1 R2
Vs
V1
Vo 0
C2

(dB)
|H|
RL −2
0
R1 = R2 = 15.8 RB
kΩ C1 = C2 = RA −4
0
10 nF
RA = 10 kΩ, RB −6
(Ref.:
= 17.8 S.kΩ
Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog 0 101 102 103 104 105
ICs") f (Hz)

M. B. Patil, IIT
Sallen-Key filter example (2nd order, low-pass)
40

C1
20
R1 R2
Vs
V1
Vo 0
C2

(dB)
|H|
RL −2
0
R1 = R2 = 15.8 RB
kΩ C1 = C2 = RA −4
0
10 nF
RA = 10 kΩ, RB −6
(Ref.:
= 17.8 S.kΩ
Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog 0 101 102 103 104 105
ICs") f (Hz)
RA
V + = V− = ≡ V o /K .
Vo RA + RB

M. B. Patil, IIT
Sallen-Key filter example (2nd order, low-pass)
40

C1
20
R1 R2
Vs
V1
Vo 0
C2

(dB)
|H|
RL −2
0
R1 = R2 = 15.8 RB
kΩ C1 = C2 = RA −4
0
10 nF
RA = 10 kΩ, RB −6
(Ref.:
= 17.8 S.kΩ
Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog 0 101 102 103 104 105
ICs") f (Hz)
RA
V + = V− = ≡ V o /K .
Vo RA + RB
(1/sC2 )
Also, V + = V1 = V1 .
R2 1+ (1/sC2 ) 1 + sR2

C2

M. B. Patil, IIT
Sallen-Key filter example (2nd order, low-pass)
40

C1
20
R1 R2
Vs
V1
Vo 0
C2

(dB)
|H|
RL −2
0
R1 = R2 = 15.8 RB
kΩ C1 = C2 = RA −4
0
10 nF
RA = 10 kΩ, RB −6
(Ref.:
= 17.8 S.kΩ
Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog 0 101 102 103 104 105
ICs") f (Hz)
RA
V + = V− = ≡ V o /K .
Vo RA + RB
(1/sC2 )
Also, V + = V1 = V1 .
R2 1+ (1/sC2 ) 1 + sR2
1 1
KCL at V1 →C2 (Vs − V1 ) + sC1 (Vo − V1 ) + ( V + − V1 ) =
R1
0.
R2

M. B. Patil, IIT
Sallen-Key filter example (2nd order, low-pass)
40

C1
20
R1 R2
Vs
V1
Vo 0
C2

(dB)
|H|
RL −2
0
R1 = R2 = 15.8 RB
kΩ C1 = C2 = RA −4
0
10 nF
RA = 10 kΩ, RB −6
(Ref.:
= 17.8 S.kΩ
Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog 0 101 102 103 104 105
ICs") f (Hz)
RA
V + = V− = ≡ V o /K .
Vo RA + RB
(1/sC2 )
Also, V + = V1 = V1 .
R2 1+ (1/sC2 ) 1 + sR2
1 1
KCL at V1 →C2 (Vs − V1 ) + sC1 (Vo − V1 ) + ( V + − V1 ) =
R1
0. K
Combining the
R2above equations, .
H(s) = 1 + s [(R1 + R2 )C2 + (1 − K )R1 C1 ] + s2 R1 C1

R2 C2
M. B. Patil, IIT
Sixth-order Chebyshev low-pass filter (cascade design)

5.1 10 62
n n n
Vo
Vs 10.7 10.2 8.25 6.49 4.64 k 2.49
k k 2.2 k k 510 k 220 RL
n p p

20
(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog
ICs")
0 SEQUEL file:
ee101_op_filter_6.sqproj

−2
0
(dB)
|H|

−4
0

−6
0
102 103 104 105
f
−8 (Hz) M. B. Patil, IIT
Third-order Chebyshev high-pass filter

20
100 15.4 154
n k k
7.68 0
k Vo
Vs −2
100 100 RL 0
54.9

(dB)
n n

|H|
k −4
0
−6
(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog 0
ICs")
SEQUEL file: −8
ee101_op_filter_7.sqproj 0 10 101 102 103
0

f
(Hz)

M. B. Patil, IIT
 Band-pass filter example

40
5
5
k
k 7.4
5 n 20
7.4
Vs k 5 n
k 5
0

(dB)
k

|H|
−2
0
370
Vo
5 k −4
0 10 103 104 105
2
k
(Ref.: J. M. Fiore, "Op Amps and linear f
ICs") (Hz)
SEQUEL file:
ee101_op_filter_8.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT
Notch filter 10
10 k
example k 265
10 n
265
Vs k 10 n 10
k 10 k
k
10
k
Vo
89 10
k k

1
k
0

(Ref.: J. M. Fiore, "Op Amps and linear

ICs") SEQUEL file:

ee101_op_filter_9.sqproj

(dB)
|H|
−20

−4
0 101 102
f
(Hz) M. B. Patil, IIT