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INTERFEROMETRY PPT

Interferometry involves the interference of two or more light beams from the same source, classified into two-beam and multiple-beam types. Common interferometers include the Fizeau, Michelson, Mach-Zehnder, and Fabry-Perot, which utilize beam splitters to create interference patterns that can be analyzed for precise measurements. Applications range from optical testing and length measurements to studies of gas flows, temperature distributions, and even gravitational wave detection.

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112 views

INTERFEROMETRY PPT

Interferometry involves the interference of two or more light beams from the same source, classified into two-beam and multiple-beam types. Common interferometers include the Fizeau, Michelson, Mach-Zehnder, and Fabry-Perot, which utilize beam splitters to create interference patterns that can be analyzed for precise measurements. Applications range from optical testing and length measurements to studies of gas flows, temperature distributions, and even gravitational wave detection.

Uploaded by

Momanyi Eric
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTERFEROMETRY

Introduction

 Interferometric measurements require


an optical arrangement in which two or
more beams , derived from the same
source but traveling along separate
paths , are made to interfere .
Interferometers can be classified as
two - beam interferometers or multiple
– beam interferometers according to
the number of interfering beams ; they
can also be grouped according to the
methods used to obtain these beams .
 The most commonly used form of
beam splitter is a partially reflecting
metal or dielectric film on a
transparent substrate ; other devices
that can be used are polarizing prisms
and dif fraction gratings . The best
known types of two-beam
interferometers are the Fizeau , the
Michelson , the Mach- Zehnder , and
the Sagnac interferometers ; the best
known multiple-beam interferometer is
the Fabry-Perot interferometer .
 When the two light beams meet up at
the screen, they overlap and interfere,
and the phase difference between
them creates a pattern of light and
dark areas (in other words, a set
of interference fringes). The light
areas are places where the two beams
have added together (constructively)
and become brighter; the dark areas
are places where the beams have
subtracted from one another
(destructively).
 The exact pattern of interference
depends on the different way or the
extra distance that one of the beams
has traveled. By inspecting and
measuring the fringes, you can
calculate this with great accuracy—and
that gives you an exact measurement
of whatever it is you're trying to find.
 Constructive interference means
combining two or more waves to get a
third wave that's bigger. The new wave
has the same wavelength and
frequency but more amplitude (higher
peaks).
 Destructive interference means
waves subtracting and canceling out.
The peaks in one wave are canceled by
the troughs in the other.
 Instead of the interference fringes
falling on a simple screen, often they're
directed into a camera to produce a
permanent image called
an interferogram. In another
arrangement, the interferogram is
made by a detector (like the
CCD image sensor used in older digital
cameras) that converts the pattern of
fluctuating optical interference fringes
into an electrical signal that can be
very easily analyzed with a computer.
 The Fizeau Interferometer
 In the Fizeau interferometer , as
shown in Fig below , interference
fringes of equal thickness are
formed between two flat surfaces
separated by an air gap and
illuminated with a collimated
beam .
 If one of the surfaces is a
standard reference flat surface ,
the fringe pattern is a contour
map of the errors of the test
surface . Modified forms of the
Fizeau interferometer are also
used to test convex and concave
surfaces by using a converging or
diverging beam
The Michelson Interferometer
 The Michelson interferometer ,
shown schematically in Fig
below ,
 uses a beam splitter to divide and
recombine the beams . As can be
seen , one of the beams traverses the
beam splitter. three times , while the
other traverses it only once .
Accordingly , a compensating plate of
the same thickness as the beam
splitter is introduced in the second
beam to equalize the optical paths in
glass .
 With an extended source , the
interference pattern is similar to
that produced in a layer of air
bounded by the mirror M 1 and M
2 , the image of the other mirror
in the beam splitter . With
collimated light , fringes of equal
thickness are obtained
The Mach-Zender Interferometer
 The Mach-Zehnder interferometer
uses two beam splitters and two
mirrors to divide and recombine
the beams . As shown in Fig
below , the fringe spacing and
the plane of localization.
 of the fringes obtained with an
extended source can be controlled by
varying the angle between the
beams and their lateral separation
when they emerge from the
interferometer . This makes it
possible to use a pulsed ruby laser ,
which may be operating in more than
one transverse mode , as the source .
 Because the measurement path
is traversed only once , and the
separation of the beams can be
made as large as desired , this
interferometer is well suited to
studies of gas flows , heat
transfer , and the temperature
distribution in flames and
plasmas .
Applications
 Interferometers can be used for
such applications as
measurements of lengths and
small changes in length ; optical
testing ; studies of surface
structure ; measurements of the
pressure and temperature
distribution in gas flows and
plasmas ;
 measurements of particle velocities
and vibration amplitudes ; rotating
sensing ; measurements of
temperature , pressure , and electric
and magnetic fields ; wavelength
measurements , and measurements of
the angular diameter , as well as ,
possibly , the detection of gravitational
waves
 THANK YOU

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