PREPARED BY:

ADRIENNE
LAGKEO
DEBBIE
WACANGAN
NEIL MENDOZA
RYAN DEL-O
 RELATED
LITERATURE
AND STUDIES
 RELATED RELATED
LITERATURE STUDY
 These are studies,
 It is composed of
inquiries, or
discussions of
investigations
facts and
already conducted
principles to
to which the present
which the present
proposed study is
study is related.
related or has some
bearing or similarity.
 Material classification used in
gathering related literature and
studies:
 LOCA
L
 FOREIGN
 IMPORTANCE, PURPOSES, &
FUNCTIONS OF RELATED
LITERATURE & STUDIES
Reviewed literature and studies help or guide the researcher in the
following ways:
IN SEARCHING FOR, OR SELECTING A
BETTER RESEARCH PROBLEM OR
01 TOPIC
HELPS THE INVESTIGATOR
UNDERSTAND HIS TOPIC FOR
02 RESEARCH BETTER

IT ENSURES THAT THERE WILL BE NO

03 DUPLICATIONS OF OTHER STUDIES
 HELP AND GUIDE THE RESEARCH IN
04 LOCATING MORE SOURCES OF RELATED
INFORMATION.

HELPS AND GUIDE RESEARCHER IN

05 MAKING HIS RESEARCH DESIGN
HELP AND GUIDE THE RESEARCHER IN
MAKING COMPARISON BETWEEN HIS
06 FINDINGS WITH THE FINDINGS WITH THE
FINDINGS OF OTHER RESEARCHERS ON
SIMILAR STUDIES.
 must be as
recent as
must be possible
must be
objective and relevant to the
unbiased study.
must not
must be based be too few
upon genuinely nor too
original and true CHARACTERISTIC many
facts/data to S OF RELATED
make them valid LITERATURE &
and reliable. STUDIES
 SOURCES OF RELATED
 LITERATURE
Books, AND
encyclopedias, STUDIES
almanacs,
etc…
 Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs,
speeches, letters, and diaries
 Articles, journals, magazines, newspapers
and other publications

 Unpublished theses
The constitution andand
lawsdissertations
and statues of
the land
 Where to Locate the Sources of
Related Literature & Studies
GOVERNEMENT
& PRIVATE
LIBRARIES OFFICES
THE LIBRARY OF
THE DEPARTMENT
OF EDUCATION,
THE NATIONAL
CULTURE &
LIBRARY
SPORTS
 GOVERNEMENT
& PRIVATE
LIBRARIES OFFICES

Where to Locate the Sources of

Related Literature & Studies
THE LIBRARY OF THE
THE NATIONAL DEPARTMENT OF
LIBRARY EDUCATION, CULTURE &
SPORTS
HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
 “History is any integrated narrative or
description of past events or facts written
in a spirit of critical inquiry for the whole
truth.”

History means the search for knowledge

and the truth, a searching to find out. It is
any narrative of any past event with a
critical inquiry into the whole truth.
Historical Research or historical method of
research is a process of selecting the area or
topic to write the history about and it
describes what occurred in the past and then
makes critical inquiry into the truth of what
occurred.
 It must be interpretative, that it
describes the present situations in
terms of past events.
 CRITICALLY
CHOOSING
& 03 ANALYZING
DEFINING THE DATA
THE 01 FOUR MAJOR WRITING
PROBLEM ACTIVITIES IN
HISTORICAL 04 THE
COLLECTIN RESEARCH
RESEARCH
G THE REPORT
DATA
02
 CHOOSING THE PROBLEM
The researcher must
consider:
 His resources
 Availability of resources
 Time constraint
 His professional competent
COLLECTION OF HISTORICAL DATA
a. Written
Sources
 official and public documents
 books and master’s theses and
doctoral dissertations
newspapers, articles,
advertisements, chronicles, & etc.
personal materials
hand written materials
COLLECTION OF HISTORICAL
DATA
b. Orally transmitted
materials
Folklores
Myths &
Legends
Ballads
Epics & Tales
Anecdotes
Traditions
COLLECTION OF HISTORICAL
DATA

c. Artistic Production
Historical
paintings
Portraits
Sculpture
Chiseled Stones
COLLECTION OF HISTORICAL
DATA

d. Tape Recordings
Documentaries
Radio and
television
Films
Pictorials
COLLECTION OF HISTORICAL
DATA

e. Relies and Remains

Physical
 Pyramids, human remains,
fossils

Non-Physical
 Language, customs and
ceremonies, social
institutions…
Primary & Secondary Sources of
Data
Primary sources, the only solid bases
of history works are the original
documents or remains, the first
witnesses to a fact.
Secondary sources, are writings by
people who have never experienced nor
observed personally the objects and
have based their writings upon
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL
a. EXTERNAL DATA
CRITISICM
 It is used to determine the authenticity or
genuineness of a historical document.
Some questions illustrating the problems of external
criticism:
 Who was the author?
 What were his general qualifications and
disqualifications as a reporter of the matters he
treated?
 How was the document written?
USE OF AUXILIARY SCIENCES
 It helps determine the authenticity and
genuineness of a document among which
are:
Paleograph
Epigraphy y Chemistry
Archelogy,
Diplomati Philograph anthropolog
c y y, &
prehistory
 Authorship,
Forgeries and Time and
Hoaxes Filiation of
PURPOSES OF Documents
EXTERNAL
Inventions
Incorrect CRITICISM and
Borrowings Distortions
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL DATA
b. INTERNAL
CRITICISM
 It is the process of determining the true
meaning and value of statements contained
 It is positive, ifin a document.
efforts are made to discover
the true meaning of the contents of a
 It is negative, document.
if efforts are exerted in
finding reasons for disbelieving the
contents of a document.
CASUATIVE INTERPRETATION OF
HISTORY

General Philosophies of
History
Examples:
 The Greek and Roman historians viewed
Fate as controlling human destiny.
 The Darwinian theory of evolution
CASUATIVE INTERPRETATION OF HISTORY

Specific schools of Historical Interpretations

Examples:
 The personal, biographical, or “great-man”
theory
 The scientific and technological theory
 Identification and
definition of the
Problem
01
Central
theme of
Principle of 05SYNTHESIZING02 Formulation of
Synthesis Hypothesis
HISTORICAL
EVENTS Inductive-
Historical
Perspectiv04 03 deductive
e reasoning
 Mastery
Progressio
of Working
n
Materials Outline

GUIDELINES TO EFFECTIVE
WRITING OF HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
Emphasis on Dramatizatio
major Art of n, rhetoric &
elements Narration style
 DEFICIENCIES OF HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
 Choosing a research area in which
sufficient evidence is not available.
 Excessive use of secondary sources.
 Attempts to work on a broad and poorly
defined problem.
 Personal bias
 Facts are not synthesized or integrated
into meaningful generalizations.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
 Observations in historical research
cannot be repeated in the same
manner.
 The researcher must find satisfaction in
spending vast amounts of time in the
library.
 A historical project is usually conducted
by one person
 CHARACTERISTICS OF HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
 A hypothesis is not always necessary in
historical research.
 The writing style of the written report
 tends to ve more flexible.
Data are often ideas, concepts, and
opinions and hence, conclusions,
generalizations, and interferences
become subjective.
Helps people Historical
understand the information
present better, serves as a
especially the factors preliminary to
affecting the present reform
IMPORTANCE
OF People are
People becomeHISTORICAL motivated to
more open to RESEARCH respect the
changes if they contributions of
were informed the people of
about the past the past
 WHEN TO USE HISTORICAL
RESEARCH?
 Any geographic area or place

 Any institution or any other custom

 Any important historical event

THANKS!
HAVE A NICE DAY

Do you have any questions?