SCIENCE 10

QUARTER 2

LESSON 1
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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
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ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
OBJECTIVE:
Compare the relative wavelengths of
different forms of electromagnetic waves.

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 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
NATURE OF EM WAVES

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 What I Know

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

1. Electromagnetic waves transfer
energy through a vacuum.

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 What I Know

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

2. A wave is a disturbance that
transfers energy.

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 What I Know

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

3. EM waves travel at the speed of
4x108 m/s.

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 What I Know

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

4. Electromagnetic waves are
transverse waves consisting of
changing electric fields and
changing magnetic fields.

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 What I Know

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

5. Most EM waves have the same
speed.

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 NATURE OF EM WAVES

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

It is considered to be of both
electric and magnetic in
nature.

o ELECTRIC FIELD
o MAGNETIC FIELD

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HOW ARE EM WAVES PRODUCED?.

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oElectromagnetic waves are
produced by a charge that
changes its direction or speed

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oA charged particle, such as an
electron, moves back and forth,
or vibrate.

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oA changing electric field
produces a magnetic field and
in the same manner, a
changing magnetic field
produces an electric field.

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An electromagnetic wave consists of electric and
magnetic fields which vibrate - thus making
waves.
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An electromagnetic wave is made
up of an electric field and a magnetic
field positioned at right angles to
each other and to the direction of
motion of the wave.

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Since these fields are located at right
angles to the direction of motion of
the wave, electromagnetic waves are
considered as transverse waves.

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THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE THEORY

Electrical fields and magnetic

fields can couple together to
form electromagnetic waves.

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JAMES CLERK MAXWELL

 1860s and 1870s

 a CHANGING magnetic field will induce a

CHANGING electric field and vice-versa

 Maxwell’s Equation

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ANDREI MARIE AMPERE
 Ampere’s Law

Line Integral of Magnetic field

around a closed path is equal to
the current enclosed by that path

He demonstrated the magnetic

effect based on the direction of
current
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MICHAEL FARADAY
 Law of Electromagnetic Induction

“Whenever a conductor is placed in

a varying magnetic field, an
electromotive force is induced.
Likewise, if the conductor circuit is
closed, a current is induced, which
is called induced current.”
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HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED

 Oersted’s Law (1820)

When a steady electric current

passes through a wire it creates a
magnetic field around it.

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HEINRICH HERTZ

 Applied Maxwell’s theories to the

production and reception of radio waves

 Proved the existence of radio waves in

late 1880s

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GUGLIELMO MARCONI
 1895
 continued with the discovery of
more developed magnetic waves
 Transmitted recognizable
electronic signals more than a
mile away
 (telegraph messages, spoken
word)
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REGINALD FESSENDEN

 1900

 First audio radio transmission

 First two-way transatlantic

transmission in 1906
 First broadcast of entertainment
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PHILO T. FRANSWORTH

 Did the first all electronic

television broadcast

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EDWIN ARMSTRONG

 Known for inventing the frequency

modulated or (FM radio) in 1933

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 KEY POINTS ABOUT THE EM WAVE THEORY

a. The energy is emitted from any source continuously in the

form of radiation and is termed radiant energy.
b. The radiation includes electrical and magnetic fields
oscillating perpendicular to each other and both
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the radiation.
c. Radiations possess wave characteristics and travel with the
speed of light.
d. Radiations are known as electromagnetic radiations or
electromagnetic waves.
THE These waves
e.ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM don't need any material medium for
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propagation.
SPEED OF EM WAVE

Electromagnetic waves travel in a

vacuum at a speed of 3x108 m/s and
denoted as c, the speed of light.

Light from the sun travels 150

million kilometers to Earth in about 8
minutes!
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PROPERTIES OF EM WAVES

They are produced by accelerated or

oscillating charge..

They do not require any material or

medium for propagation.

They travel in free space at the

speed of 3x108 m/s. 53
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

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WHAT IS THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM?

 The electromagnetic spectrum is the

complete spectrum (or continuum) of all
forms of “light”

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 WHAT IS THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM?

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

 The electromagnetic spectrum consists of:

 radio waves
 microwaves
 infrared waves
 visible light waves
 ultraviolet waves
 x-ray waves
 gamma waves
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THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 58
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THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

WAVES

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

 Properties of electromagnetic waves include
speed, frequency and wavelength

 Speed (s), frequency (f) and wavelength ()

are related in the formula:

s = f x 
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 66.0 x 10 5

4.85 x 10 -7

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
WAVELENGTH & FREQUENCY

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

 All parts of the electromagnetic spectrum
travel at the same speed
 Therefore, wavelength and frequency
have an indirect relationship.
 This means that as one characteristic
increases, the other decreases
 In other words, as wavelength increases,
frequency decreases 62
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
WAVELENGTH & FREQUENCY

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

 As wavelength decreases, frequency will?

increase

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WAVELENGTH, FREQUENCY, ENERGY

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

 Electromagnetic wave characteristics:
 short wavelengths have a high frequency
 long wavelengths have a low frequency

 Electromagnetic waves & Energy:

 high frequency waves have high energy
 low frequency waves have low energy
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WAVELENGTH, FREQUENCY, ENERGY

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

wavelength frequency energy
Fill in the table long
below:
high

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 WAVELENGTH & ENERGY

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

smaller wavelengths increasing frequency increasing energy

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THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

RADIO WAVES

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

 Low energy waves with longest wavelengths
 Includes FM, AM, radar and TV waves
 Wavelengths of 1 m (10 -1 m) and longer
 Low frequency
 Used in many devices such as remote control
items, cell phones, wireless devices, etc.

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MICROWAVES

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

 Only radio waves are
longer

 Wavelength 1 x 10-1 m
to 1 x 10 - 4 m (1 m to
0.001 m)

 used for communication,

medicine and consumer
use (microwave ovens)
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 INFRARED WAVES

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

 Invisible electromagnetic
waves that are detected as
heat

 Can be detected with special

devices such as night goggles

 Used in heat lamps

 Higher energy than

microwaves but lower than
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VISIBLE LIGHT

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

 The portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum that human eyes can detect

 ROY G BIV (red, orange, yellow, green,

blue, indigo, violet)

 Which color has the lowest frequency?

 red has the lowest frequency – violet the highest
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THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

ULTRAVIOLET WAVES

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

 Higher energy than light waves

 Can cause skin cancer and blindness in humans

 Used in tanning beds and sterilizing equipment

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X-RAYS

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

 High energy waves

 Used in medicine,
industry and
astronomy

 Can cause cancer

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GAMMA RAYS

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

 Highest energy

 Blocked from Earth’s

surface by
atmosphere

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THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

TIME TO REMEMBER...

What is the relationship between

frequency and wavelength?

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TIME TO REMEMBER...

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

What characteristic of gamma
waves gives them their high
energy?

Gamma waves get their high energy from their

extremely short wavelengths (or extremely fast
frequency).
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TIME TO THINK
Which color is more energetic, red
or yellow?

Yellow is more energetic than red because it

has a shorter wavelength (or larger frequency)
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TIME TO THINK

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Which type of wave travels faster,
gamma or radio?

Gamma waves and radio waves travel at the

same speed
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TIME TO THINK

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Why are microwaves more
dangerous than radio waves?

Microwaves are more dangerous than radio

waves because they have a higher frequency
and carry more energy. 81